ArticleJCI insight2020
Activation of CAR and non-CAR T cells within the tumor microenvironment following CAR T cell therapy.
Article in JCI insight, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 65 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
65 citing papers in PubMed, 104 citations in OpenAlex.
- Whole-body CD8Nature communications · 2025Trial
- Earlier corticosteroid use for adverse event management in patients receiving axicabtagene ciloleucel for large B-cell lymphoma.British journal of haematology · 2021Trial
- RHOA Deletion Downregulates CD19 and Promotes Dysfunctional Immune Microenvironments in CAR-T Resistant Large B-cell Lymphomas.Blood cancer discovery · 2026Article
- Engineering Soluble Recombinant BCMA for Ide-Cel Labeling.European journal of immunology · 2026Article
- Characterization of host immune cell infiltrate in human CAR T cell-mediated xenogeneic graft versus host disease in NSG mice.Veterinary pathology · 2026Article
- The dawn of in vivo immune cell engineering in oncology.Nature biotechnology · 2026Article
- CAR-T cell signaling dynamics, rational design principles and artificial intelligence for next-generation chimeric antigen receptors.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- The impact of the large B-cell lymphoma tumor microenvironment on efficacy of CD19-directed CAR-T immunotherapy.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Novel Combination of Irreversible Electroporation and Allogenic Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-Cell Therapy Synergizes Therapeutic Outcomes in a Preclinical Human Pancreatic Cancer Mouse Model.Research (Washington, D.C.) · 2026Article
- Navigating the landscape of personalized oncology: overcoming challenges and expanding horizons with computational modeling.Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association : JAMIA · 2026Article
- Bioengineered immunocompetent preclinical trial-on-chip tool enables screening of CAR T cell therapy for leukaemia.Nature biomedical engineering · 2025Article
- The endogenous T cell landscape is reshaped by CAR-T cell therapy and predicts treatment response in multiple myeloma.Leukemia · 2025Article
- Novel antibodies for identification, selection, and manipulation of T cells expressing Whitlow linker-containing CARs.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2025Article
- Mechanisms of Resistance to Novel Immunotherapies in B-Cell Lymphomas: Focus on CAR T and Bispecific Antibodies.Cancers · 2025Review
- Blocking NRF2 Translation by Inhibition of Cap-Dependent Initiation Sensitizes Lymphoma Cells to Ferroptosis and CAR T-cell Immunotherapy.Cancer research · 2025Article
- Unveiling the influence of CAR-negative T-cells: enhancing efficacy and ensuring safety in CAR-T therapies.Journal of translational medicine · 2025Article
- Myeloma cell-intrinsic ANXA1 elevation and T cell dysfunction contribute to BCMA-negative relapse after CAR-T therapy.Molecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy · 2025Article
- Two-stage CD8Nature communications · 2025Article
- The Bidirectional Interplay between T Cell-Based Immunotherapies and the Tumor Microenvironment.Cancer immunology research · 2025Review
- Depletion of Tregs from CD4The FEBS journal · 2025Article
5 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
13 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Mechanisms of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell-mediated antitumor immunity and toxicity remain poorly characterized because few studies examine the intact tumor microenvironment (TME) following CAR T cell infusion. Axicabtagene ciloleucel is an autologous anti-CD19 CAR T cell therapy approved for patients with large B cell lymphoma. We devised multiplex immunostaining and ISH assays to interrogate CAR T cells and other immune cell infiltrates in biopsies of diffuse large B cell lymphoma following axicabtagene ciloleucel infusion. We found that a majority of intratumoral CAR T cells expressed markers of T cell activation but, unexpectedly, constituted ≤5% of all T cells within the TME 5 days or more after therapy. Large numbers of T cells without CAR were also activated within the TME after axicabtagene ciloleucel infusion; these cells were positive for Ki-67, IFN-γ, granzyme B (GzmB), and/or PD-1 and were found at the highest levels in biopsies with CAR T cells. Additionally, non-CAR immune cells were the exclusive source of IL-6, a cytokine associated with cytokine release syndrome, and were found at their highest numbers in biopsies with CAR T cells. These data suggest that intratumoral CAR T cells are associated with non-CAR immune cell activation within the TME with both beneficial and pathological effects.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.