ArticleNature nanotechnology2020
Zwitterionic micelles efficiently deliver oral insulin without opening tight junctions.
Article in Nature nanotechnology, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 84 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
84 citing papers in PubMed.
- Re-engineering insulin for oral delivery: structural modifications, advanced formulation strategies, and future directions.Drug delivery · 2026Review
- Balancing stability and cellular interaction in surface-engineered small extracellular vesicles for pulmonary delivery.Materials today. Bio · 2026Article
- Engineering Oral Nanoparticles: Navigating Biological Barriers in the Gastrointestinal Tract.Pharmaceutical research · 2026Review
- Zwitterion-Based Polymeric Carriers for Efficient Drug Delivery across Biological Barriers.Polymer science & technology (Washington, D.C.) · 2026Review
- Hybrid Mucointeractive Delivery Systems-Alternative Approaches to Mucosal Delivery.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Programmed oral delivery of peptide therapeutics for multiorgan targeting in metabolic disorders of hyperglycemia and hyperuricemia.Science advances · 2026Article
- Exploring the impact of various zwitterionic surface modifications on the mucus diffusion and membrane permeability of lipid-based nanocarriers.Drug delivery and translational research · 2026Article
- Novel Vascular-Adaptive Liquid Metal Microspheres Enable Visualized Arterial Embolization Therapy.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- Glycosylated nanoparticles for oral insulin delivery via glucose transporter to improve intestinal absorption.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2026Article
- Strategies for overcoming multiple barriers of oral administration of protein and peptide therapeutics.Materials today. Bio · 2026Review
- PMPCylated liposomes in drug delivery and beyond.Materials today. Bio · 2026Review
- Permeable nanoreactor eye drop for enzymatic cascade-mediated treatment for acute retinal injury model mimicking geographic atrophy.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Small Intestine-Targeted Long-Acting Oral Insulin Formulation Based on Engineered Milk Protein Nanoparticles.ACS applied bio materials · 2026Article
- A softness zwitterionic micelles efficiently deliver inhaled nintedanib by enhancing airway mucus penetration.Science advances · 2026Article
- Nanomedicine for Oral Delivery: Strategies to Overcome the Biological Barriers.Small methods · 2026Review
- Multifunctional self-emulsifying drug delivery system: an efficient strategy for oral delivery of therapeutic peptides and proteins.Drug delivery · 2025Review
- Nanoparticle-Based Oral Insulin Delivery: Challenges, Advances, and Future Directions.Pharmaceutics · 2025Review
- Oral Celastrol Micelles Forming High-Density Lipoprotein Corona Targeting Hepatocytes for MASLD Treatment.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2025Article
- Engineering micelles with hydrophilic-lipophilic balance to overcome intestinal barrier for oral therapeutic application.Materials today. Bio · 2025Article
- Site-specific PEGylation of proteins: Insights into structural and functional changes.Acta pharmaceutica Sinica. B · 2025Review
24 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
11 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Oral delivery of protein drugs is considered a life-changing solution for patients who require regular needle injections. However, clinical translation of oral protein formulations has been hampered by inefficient penetration of drugs through the intestinal mucus and epithelial cell layer, leading to low absorption and bioavailability, and safety concerns owing to tight junction openings. Here we report a zwitterionic micelle platform featuring a virus-mimetic zwitterionic surface, a betaine side chain and an ultralow critical micelle concentration, enabling drug penetration through the mucus and efficient transporter-mediated epithelial absorption without the need for tight junction opening. This micelle platform was used to fabricate a prototype oral insulin formulation by encapsulating a freeze-dried powder of zwitterionic micelle insulin into an enteric-coated capsule. The biocompatible oral insulin formulation shows a high oral bioavailability of >40%, offers the possibility to fine tune insulin acting profiles and provides long-term safety, enabling the oral delivery of protein drugs.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.