ArticleScientific reports2020
In-vitro bioaccessibility and bioavailability of heavy metals in mineral clay complex used in natural health products.
Article in Scientific reports, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers.
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Who cites it
8 citing papers in PubMed, 28 citations in OpenAlex.
- Toxic Metals and Metalloids Exposure and the Gut-Cardiometabolic Axis: A Narrative Review of Microbiome Dysbiosis, Gut Barrier Dysfunction, and Metabolic Inflammation.Cardiovascular toxicology · 2026Review
- Physico-chemical behaviour and microbiological suitability of residual smectitic soils mixed with two mineralized waters for therapeutic and dermocosmetic applications.International journal of biometeorology · 2026Article
- Comprehensive Risk Assessment of Metals and Minerals in Seafood Using Bioaccessibility Correction.Journal of xenobiotics · 2025Article
- Cell Death and Proliferation Variability Caused by Different Dust Clay Minerals Using the Single-Cell Method.GeoHealth · 2025Article
- Evaluation of testing approaches for constituent leaching from electric arc furnace (EAF) slags.Journal of environmental management · 2025Article
- A Multidisciplinary Approach That Considers Occurrence, Geochemistry, Bioavailability, and Toxicity to Prioritize Critical Minerals for Environmental Research.Environmental science & technology · 2024Article
- Biocompatibility of nano/micro-sized pyrophyllite particles by pulmo, liver, kidney and gastric mucosis cells.Journal of materials science. Materials in medicine · 2024Article
- Geophagia: Benefits and potential toxicity to human-A review.Frontiers in public health · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Commercial mineral clays that claim to have healing properties are also known to contain trace amounts of heavy metals, albeit the risk of consuming many of them is not entirely known. The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the in vitro bioaccessibility and bioavailability of Arsenic (As), Cadmium (Cd) and Lead (Pb) in mineral clay samples collected from the Sierra Mountains (USA) using the Unified Bioaccessibility Research Group of Europe (UBM) method and the Caco-2 permeability assay, respectively. After UMB-gastric (UBM-G) digestion, As and Pb bioaccessibility were lower compared to Cd and decreased further in the UMB-gastrointestinal (UBM-GI) assay. Bioavailability estimates using the Caco-2 cell showed very low to non-detectable permeability for all 3 heavy metals. Thus, while initial heavy metal ranged from 3.8-17 ppm, 0.024-0.061ppm, and 5.8-20 ppm for As, Cd, and Pb, respectively, the bioavailability for these metals was reduced to very low levels that followed: non-detectable values of As, <0.007ppm of Cd, and <0.1ppm of Pb. Using UBM-digestion to mimic bioaccessibility, followed by Caco-2 cell bioavailability enabled us to conclude that in vitro assessment of heavy metal exposure associated with mineral clay-based natural health products does not pose a potential hazard to consumers.
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