ArticleClinical immunology (Orlando, Fla.)2020
Type 3 hypersensitivity in COVID-19 vasculitis.
Article in Clinical immunology (Orlando, Fla.), 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 89 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
89 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 157 citations in OpenAlex.
- The immunopathological spectrum of COVID-19: from cytokine storm to autoimmunity-a systematic review.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Pooled it
- Henoch-schonlein purpura following exposure to SARS-CoV2 vaccine or infection: a systematic review and a case report.Internal and emergency medicine · 2024Pooled it
- Hearing Loss, Tinnitus, and Dizziness in COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.The Canadian journal of neurological sciences. Le journal canadien des sciences neurologiques · 2022Pooled it
- Retinal manifestations in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection and pathogenetic implications: a systematic review.International ophthalmology · 2022Pooled it
- Systematic Review of Microthrombi in COVID-19 Autopsies.Acta haematologica · 2021Pooled it
- Cytokine release syndrome in COVID-19: Innate immune, vascular, and platelet pathogenic factors differ in severity of disease and sex.Journal of leukocyte biology · 2021Trial
- Inflammatory and Endothelial Dysfunction Biomarkers Predict Severe COVID-19 in Hospitalized Patients: Development of the CCBR Model.Biomedicines · 2026Article
- Revitalizing T cells: breakthroughs and challenges in overcoming T cell exhaustion.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2026Review
- Vasculitis syndromes: the pathogenic roles of COVID-19 and related vaccinations.Virology journal · 2025Review
- The Impact of COVID-19 on Graft Vasculopathy and Postoperative Thromboembolism in CABG Patients: A Prospective Controlled Study.Cardiovascular toxicology · 2025Article
- Pediatric autoimmune diseases in the light of COVID-19 pandemic, A retrospective observational big data study.Journal of translational autoimmunity · 2025Article
- Coronary Implications of COVID-19.Medical principles and practice : international journal of the Kuwait University, Health Science Centre · 2025Review
- IgA vasculitis after COVID-19: a case-based review.Rheumatology international · 2024Review
- Ultramicronized Palmitoylethanolamide and Luteolin: Drug Candidates in Post-COVID-19 Critical Illness Neuropathy and Positioning-Related Peripheral Nerve Injury of the Upper Extremity.Journal of hand and microsurgery · 2024Article
- Bronchial Asthma and COVID-19: Etiology, Pathological Triggers, and Therapeutic Considerations.Pathophysiology : the official journal of the International Society for Pathophysiology · 2024Review
- Small Molecules for the Treatment of Long-COVID-Related Vascular Damage and Abnormal Blood Clotting: A Patent-Based Appraisal.Viruses · 2024Article
- Article
- Acute neutrophilic vasculitis (leukocytoclasia) in 36 COVID-19 autopsy brains.Diagnostic pathology · 2024Article
- Lipid Mediators and Cytokines/Chemokines Display Differential Profiles in Severe versus Mild/Moderate COVID-19 Patients.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- Review
29 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
- Commented on by
Authors and funding
9 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an ongoing public health emergency and new knowledge about its immunopathogenic mechanisms is deemed necessary in the attempt to reduce the death burden, globally. For the first time in worldwide literature, we provide scientific evidence that in COVID-19 vasculitis a life-threatening escalation from type 2 T-helper immune response (humoral immunity) to type 3 hypersensitivity (immune complex disease) takes place. The subsequent deposition of immune complexes inside the vascular walls is supposed to induce a severe inflammatory state and a cytokine release syndrome, whose interleukin-6 is the key myokine, from the smooth muscle cells of blood vessels.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.