ArticleArthritis research & therapy2020
Measurement of hydroxychloroquine in blood from SLE patients using LC-HRMS-evaluation of whole blood, plasma, and serum as sample matrices.
Article in Arthritis research & therapy, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 22 papers.
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Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed.
- Immunosuppression by hydroxychloroquine: mechanistic proof in in vitro experiments but limited systemic activity in a randomized placebo-controlled clinical pharmacology study.Immunologic research · 2023Trial
- Pharmacokinetics of hydroxychloroquine in paediatric lupus: data from a novel, direct-to-family clinical trial.Lupus science & medicine · 2022Trial
- A Case Series and Review of Hydroxychloroquine Toxicity and Monitoring: How Do We Dose Hydroxychloroquine?Cureus · 2025Article
- Refining lupus management: a comprehensive review of HCQ blood levels.Rheumatology advances in practice · 2025Review
- Review
- Article
- Association Between Severe Nonadherence to Hydroxychloroquine and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Flares, Damage, and Mortality in 660 Patients From the SLICC Inception Cohort.Arthritis & rheumatology (Hoboken, N.J.) · 2023Article
- Therapeutic drug monitoring of disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs in circulating leukocytes in immune-mediated inflammatory diseases.Inflammopharmacology · 2023Review
- Olanzapine Overdose in a Two-Year-Old Girl Resulting in Both High Serum and Plasma Levels.Cureus · 2023Article
- Dissimilar effects of stereoisomers and racemic hydroxychloroquine on CaPhysiological reports · 2023Article
- Microneedle-based interstitial fluid extraction for drug analysis: Advances, challenges, and prospects.Journal of pharmaceutical analysis · 2023Review
- The ecological impact of liquid chromatographic methods reported for bioanalysis of COVID-19 drug, hydroxychloroquine: Insights on greenness assessment.Microchemical journal : devoted to the application of microtechniques in all branches of science · 2023Article
- Quantitative analysis of favipiravir and hydroxychloroquine as FDA-approved drugs for treatment of COVID-19 using synchronous spectrofluorimetry: application to pharmaceutical formulations and biological fluids.Luminescence : the journal of biological and chemical luminescence · 2022Article
- Physiologically-Based Pharmacokinetics Modeling for Hydroxychloroquine as a Treatment for Malaria and Optimized Dosing Regimens for Different Populations.Journal of personalized medicine · 2022Article
- In vitro ion channel profile and ex vivo cardiac electrophysiology properties of the R(-) and S(+) enantiomers of hydroxychloroquine.European journal of pharmacology · 2022Article
- Hydroxychloroquine PK and exposure-response in pregnancies with lupus: the importance of adherence for neonatal outcomes.Lupus science & medicine · 2022Article
- Effects of hydroxychloroquine and its metabolites in patients with connective tissue diseases.Inflammopharmacology · 2021Article
- The effect of an electronic medical record intervention on hydroxychloroquine prescribing habits and surveyed providers' opinions of the 2016 American Academy of Ophthalmology guidelines in the rheumatology and dermatology practices of an academic institutionle.BMC health services research · 2021Article
- Accurate and sensitive determination of hydroxychloroquine sulfate used on COVID-19 patients in human urine, serum and saliva samples by GC-MS.Journal of pharmaceutical analysis · 2021Article
- Association of Higher Hydroxychloroquine Blood Levels With Reduced Thrombosis Risk in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus.Arthritis & rheumatology (Hoboken, N.J.) · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundHydroxychloroquine (HCQ) is the standard of care in the treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and other inflammatory rheumatic diseases and potentially for the treatment in COVID-19 patients. Determination of HCQ for therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) can be performed in whole blood (WB), serum, and plasma. Direct comparisons of WB, serum, and plasma levels of HCQ in patients with SLE have not previously been reported. We describe a method for the determination of HCQ in human blood using liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) and compare the suitability of the three sample matrices.
methodsA method for the determination of HCQ in human blood using LC-HRMS was developed, validated, and applied for the determination of HCQ levels in WB, serum, and plasma from 26 SLE patients. The reproducibility of the method, in the three matrices, was evaluated using quality control samples and repeated preparations and measurements of patient samples. The performance of the developed method for HCQ measurement in serum was further evaluated by comparison with two previously reported extraction methods.
resultsThe performance of the presented method demonstrated high accuracy and precision. A large range of HCQ concentrations was observed for the SLE patients in all three matrices (WB, serum, and plasma). The mean levels in WB were approximately two-fold the levels in serum and plasma (813 ng/mL compared to 436 ng/mL and 362 ng/mL, respectively). Spiked quality controls showed high reproducibility for all matrices (coefficient of variation, CV, approx. 5%), whereas in patient samples, equally high-precision was only found using WB as the matrix (CV 3%). The CV for serum and plasma was 14% and 39%, respectively. Two alternative methods applied to serum samples did not demonstrate improved precision.
conclusionsA LC-HRMS method for the measurement of HCQ in human blood was developed and validated. Whole blood was found to be the superior sample matrix in terms of sample reproducibility. Thus, whole blood samples should be used for HCQ analysis when patients are monitored for HCQ treatment effects. The assay is in clinical use to monitor levels of HCQ in patients.
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