ArticleArthritis care & research2020
Comparative Risks of Cardiovascular Disease in Patients With Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, Diabetes Mellitus, and in General Medicaid Recipients.
Article in Arthritis care & research, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 31 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
31 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 42 citations in OpenAlex.
- Risk of stroke in SLE: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Lupus science & medicine · 2026Pooled it
- Saudi National Clinical Practice Guidelines for Management of Adult Systemic Lupus Erythematosus.Current rheumatology reviews · 2025Guideline
- Cardiovascular risk factors and complications in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus with and without nephritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Lupus science & medicine · 2024Pooled it
- Serum lipid profile in systemic lupus erythematosus.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Flow-Mediated Skin Fluorescence Assessment of Microvascular Function in Connective Tissue Diseases: Associations with Nailfold Capillaroscopic Patterns.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Stress exposure prior to diagnosis and clinical characteristics in systemic lupus erythematosus: a cross-sectional study.Rheumatology international · 2026Article
- Review
- Renal arteriosclerosis in kidney biopsies associated with higher 10-year atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in lupus nephritis.Rheumatology (Oxford, England) · 2025Article
- Rural-urban disparities in hospitalisation for myocardial infarction in systemic lupus erythematosus in the USA.Lupus science & medicine · 2025Article
- Systemic lupus erythematosus: updated insights on the pathogenesis, diagnosis, prevention and therapeutics.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2025Review
- Cardiovascular disease risk in Korean patients with systemic lupus erythematosus compared to diabetes mellitus and the general population.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Long-term Outcomes of Lupus Nephritis in Comparison to Other CKD Etiologies.Kidney international reports · 2025Article
- Interferon Upregulation Associates with Insulin Resistance in Humans.Current diabetes reviews · 2025Review
- Prevalence of cardiovascular events in a population-based registry of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.Arthritis research & therapy · 2024Article
- Association between metabolic syndrome and lupus nephritis activity.Journal of medical biochemistry · 2024Article
- Crosstalk between Inflammation and Atherosclerosis in Rheumatoid Arthritis and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Is There a Common Basis?Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Vascular damage in systemic lupus erythematosus.Nature reviews. Nephrology · 2024Review
- Left ventricular systolic function assessed by standard and advanced echocardiographic techniques in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: A systemic review and meta-analysis.Archives of rheumatology · 2024Review
- Epidemiology of systemic lupus erythematosus in Korea.Journal of rheumatic diseases · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveCardiovascular disease (CVD) risk is elevated in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and diabetes mellitus (DM), but whether risk of CVD in patients with SLE is as high as in those with DM is unknown. The present study was undertaken to compare CVD risks between patients with SLE and DM and general population US Medicaid recipients.
methodsIn a cohort study, we identified age- and sex-matched adults (1:2:4) with SLE or DM and those from the general population using Medicaid Analytic eXtract, 2007-2010. We collected data on baseline sociodemographic factors, comorbidities, and medications. We used Cox regression models to calculate hazard ratios (HRs) of hospitalized nonfatal CVD events (combined myocardial infarction [MI] and stroke) and MI and stroke separately, accounting for competing risk of death and adjusting for covariates. We compared risks in age-stratified models.
resultsWe identified 40,212 SLE patients, 80,424 DM patients, and 160,848 general population patients; 92.5% were female, and the mean ± SD age was 40.3 ± 12.1 years. Nonfatal CVD incidence rate per 1,000 person-years was 8.99 for patients with SLE, 7.07 for those with DM, and 2.36 for the general population. Nonfatal CVD risk was higher in SLE compared to DM (HR 1.27 [95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.15-1.40]), driven by excess risk at ages 18-39 years (HR 2.22 [95% CI 1.81-2.71]). Patients with SLE had higher risk of CVD compared to the general population (HR 2.67 [95% CI 2.38-2.99]).
conclusionSLE patients had a 27% higher risk of nonfatal CVD events compared to age- and sex-matched patients with DM and more than twice the risk of the Medicaid general population. The highest relative risk occurred at ages 18-39 years. These high risks merit aggressive evaluation for modifiable factors and research to identify prevention strategies.
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