SynthesisThe Journal of infection2020
Co-infections in people with COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Synthesis in The Journal of infection, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT04867161 (Superinfection and Hyperinflammatory Phenotype in COVID-19), which is not on this map. Cited by 909 papers, 6 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Superinfection and Hyperinflammatory Phenotype in COVID-19 (Coronavirus Disease 2019) Pneumonia Patients (SUPER-HI) - Prospective Observational Study
Who cites it
909 citing papers in PubMed, 6 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Antibiotic resistance and bacterial co-infections in COVID-19 patients in Iran: a systematic review and meta-analysis of hospitalized and non-hospitalized cases.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Research hotspots and global trends in respiratory syncytial virus over past five years.Frontiers in microbiology · 2025Pooled it
- The global trends and clinical progress in influenza co-infection: a visualization and bibliometric analysis (2005-2025).Frontiers in microbiology · 2025Pooled it
- Frequency of exposure to Toxoplasma gondii in COVID-19 patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC public health · 2024Pooled it
- A systematic review of the clinical characteristics of influenza-COVID-19 co-infection.Clinical and experimental medicine · 2023Pooled it
- Five years of wastewater surveillance reveal COVID-19-Associated amplification and seasonal shifts inOne health (Amsterdam, Netherlands) · 2026Article
- SARS-CoV-2, Influenza Virus, and Respiratory Syncytial Virus Coinfections Among Symptomatic Outpatients in Lorestan Province, Iran: A Retrospective Cross-Sectional Study.Health science reports · 2026Article
- Incidence and Outcomes of Bloodstream Infections in Critically Ill Patients with COVID-19: A Nationwide Multicenter Study in South Korea.Yonsei medical journal · 2026Observational
- E-cigarette exposure triggers distal lung cell injury, persistent lung stress response, and antiviral immune suppression.JCI insight · 2026Article
- A multicenter retrospective study on severe complications of acute otitis media and sinusitis in healthy children in the context of covid pandemic - CAOS-kids.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Genetic Diversity and Hospital Circulation of Opportunistic Pathogens in COVID-19 ICUs: Whole-Genome Sequencing Data.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Topical formulation of repurposed FDA-approved compounds inhibits Pseudomonas aeruginosa ExoU and improves corneal infection outcomes.PLoS pathogens · 2026Article
- SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro inhibits the replication of influenza viruses through the cleavage of NP and PA.Virologica Sinica · 2026Article
- A Nomogram Integrating CD169%, Neutrophil CD64 Index, and C-Reactive Protein for Differential Diagnosis of Mixed Respiratory Tract Infections.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Oxygenation-Based Severity Stratification and a Proposed Clinical Diagnostic Workflow for Non-HIVJournal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Shifting Epidemiology ofJournal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Clinical presentation and detection of SARS-CoV-2, influenza-A/B among patients with upper respiratory tract infections in a tertiary hospital in Pune: a pilot study.BMC microbiology · 2026Article
- Viral Respiratory Infections and Host Immune Dynamics in Diabetes: Clinical Outcomes in the Post-COVID Era.Microorganisms · 2026Article
- Temporal Dynamics of Innate Immune Activation and Viral Interference During Sequential Co-Infection with Influenza A Virus and SARS-CoV-2: Molecular Mechanisms, Clinical Evidence, and Therapeutic Implications.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
849 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectivesIn previous influenza pandemics, bacterial co-infections have been a major cause of mortality. We aimed to evaluate the burden of co-infections in patients with COVID-19.
methodsWe systematically searched Embase, Medline, Cochrane Library, LILACS and CINAHL for eligible studies published from 1 January 2020 to 17 April 2020. We included patients of all ages, in all settings. The main outcome was the proportion of patients with a bacterial, fungal or viral co-infection. .
resultsThirty studies including 3834 patients were included. Overall, 7% of hospitalised COVID-19 patients had a bacterial co-infection (95% CI 3-12%, n=2183, I
conclusionsA low proportion of COVID-19 patients have a bacterial co-infection; less than in previous influenza pandemics. These findings do not support the routine use of antibiotics in the management of confirmed COVID-19 infection.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.