ArticleMarine drugs2020
Neosaxitoxin Inhibits the Expression of Inflammation Markers of the M1 Phenotype in Macrophages.
Article in Marine drugs, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
9 citing papers in PubMed, 13 citations in OpenAlex.
- Neosaxitoxin Downregulates Inflammation in an Equine In Vivo Model of Osteoarthritis.Biomolecules · 2026Article
- Amide-Linked Local Anesthetics Alter Tumor Biology in a Complex Human Tissue Model of Non-Small Cell Lung Adenocarcinoma.Advanced biology · 2025Article
- Synovial Fluid Biomarker Profile After Intra-Articular Administration of Neosaxitoxin in Horses: A Feasibility Study.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2025Article
- The Chemistry of Phytoplankton.Chemical reviews · 2024Review
- Effects of marine biotoxins on drug-metabolizing cytochrome P450 enzymes and their regulation in mammalian cells.Archives of toxicology · 2024Review
- Marine Toxins as Pharmaceutical Treasure Troves: A Focus on Saxitoxin Derivatives from a Computational Point of View.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Mechanistic studies of tumor-associated macrophage immunotherapy.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Review
- Equine peripheral blood CD14Veterinary immunology and immunopathology · 2023Article
- The contribution of ion channels to shaping macrophage behaviour.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
(1) Background: Neosaxitoxin (NeoSTX) has been used as a local anesthetic, but its anti-inflammatory effects have not been well defined. In the present study, we investigate the effects of NeoSTX on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated macrophages. (2) Methods: Raw 264.7 and equine PBMC cells were incubated with or without 100 ng/mL LPS in the presence or absence of NeoSTX (1µM). The expression of inflammatory mediators was assessed: nitric oxide (NO) content using the Griess assay, TNF-α content using the ELISA assay, and mRNA of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) using a real-time polymerase chain reaction. (3) Results: NeoSTX (1 μM) significantly inhibited the release of NO, TNF-α, and expression of iNOS, IL-1β, and TNF-α in LPS-activated macrophages of both species studied. Furthermore, our study shows that the LPS-induced release of inflammatory mediators was suppressed by NeoSTX. Additionally, NeoSTX deactivated polarized macrophages to M1 by LPS without compromising its polarization towards M2. (4) Conclusions: NeoSTX inhibits LPS-induced release of inflammatory mediators from macrophages, and these effects may be mediated by the blockade of voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSC).
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.