ArticleBMC medicine2020
Ethnic and socioeconomic differences in SARS-CoV-2 infection: prospective cohort study using UK Biobank.
Article in BMC medicine, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT04505774 (A Multicenter, Adaptive, Randomized Controlled Platform Trial of the Safety and Efficacy of Antithrombotic and Additional Strategies in Hospitalized Adults With COVID-19), which is not on this map. Cited by 229 papers, 6 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
A Multicenter, Adaptive, Randomized Controlled Platform Trial of the Safety and Efficacy of Antithrombotic and Additional Strategies in Hospitalized Adults With COVID-19
Who cites it
229 citing papers in PubMed, 6 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 419 citations in OpenAlex.
- Individual risk factors associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection during Alpha variant in high-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in public health · 2024Pooled it
- Risk factors for SARS-CoV-2 infection during the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic literature review.Frontiers in public health · 2023Pooled it
- Risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection in migrants and ethnic minorities compared with the general population in the European WHO region during the first year of the pandemic: a systematic review.BMC public health · 2022Pooled it
- A systematic review of racial/ethnic and socioeconomic disparities in COVID-19.International journal for equity in health · 2021Pooled it
- Effectiveness of public health measures in reducing the incidence of covid-19, SARS-CoV-2 transmission, and covid-19 mortality: systematic review and meta-analysis.BMJ (Clinical research ed.) · 2021Pooled it
- The association of smoking status with SARS-CoV-2 infection, hospitalization and mortality from COVID-19: a living rapid evidence review with Bayesian meta-analyses (version 7).Addiction (Abingdon, England) · 2021Pooled it
- Correlation of COVID-19 Mortality with Socioeconomic Status, Air Quality, and Housing Density.Thoracic research and practice · 2026Article
- Comparative GWAS using global and Indian Reference Panels reveals non-coding drivers of COVID-19 severity and mortality.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2026Article
- A mixed-methods analysis of the implementation of a new community long-COVID service during the 2020 pandemic: Learning from practice.PloS one · 2026Article
- Changing socioeconomic inequalities in the incidence and case fatality rates of COVID-19 in Germany, March 2020 through May 2022: an ecological study.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Drivers of COVID-19 infections: Perspectives of managers in the Gauteng Department of Health, South Africa.South African family practice : official journal of the South African Academy of Family Practice/Primary Care · 2025Article
- Characteristic Symptoms and Associated Risk Factors of COVID-19 Reinfection in the Indonesian Community.Yonago acta medica · 2025Article
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- Repercussion of SARS-CoV-2 on the Sexual Function in Males: An Updated Review.Infectious disorders drug targets · 2025Review
- Social vulnerability and severe COVID-19 in pregnant women: an ecological study in Pernambuco State, Brazil, 2020-2021.Cadernos de saude publica · 2025Article
- Social inequalities in SARS-CoV-2 infection in high income countries: highlighting the need for an intersectional perspective in quantitative research.Frontiers in public health · 2025Review
- Exploring barriers to adherence to COVID-19 infection control measures and advice among immigrants in Norway: A qualitative study.Journal of migration and health · 2025Article
- Article
- Quantifying the magnitude of the general contextual effect in a multilevel study of SARS-CoV-2 infection in Ontario, Canada: application of the median rate ratio in population health research.Population health metrics · 2024Observational
- Application of information from external data to correct for collider bias in a Covid-19 hospitalised cohort.BMC medical research methodology · 2024Article
169 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
12 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundUnderstanding of the role of ethnicity and socioeconomic position in the risk of developing SARS-CoV-2 infection is limited. We investigated this in the UK Biobank study.
methodsThe UK Biobank study recruited 40-70-year-olds in 2006-2010 from the general population, collecting information about self-defined ethnicity and socioeconomic variables (including area-level socioeconomic deprivation and educational attainment). SARS-CoV-2 test results from Public Health England were linked to baseline UK Biobank data. Poisson regression with robust standard errors was used to assess risk ratios (RRs) between the exposures and dichotomous variables for being tested, having a positive test and testing positive in hospital. We also investigated whether ethnicity and socioeconomic position were associated with having a positive test amongst those tested. We adjusted for covariates including age, sex, social variables (including healthcare work and household size), behavioural risk factors and baseline health.
resultsAmongst 392,116 participants in England, 2658 had been tested for SARS-CoV-2 and 948 tested positive (726 in hospital) between 16 March and 3 May 2020. Black and south Asian groups were more likely to test positive (RR 3.35 (95% CI 2.48-4.53) and RR 2.42 (95% CI 1.75-3.36) respectively), with Pakistani ethnicity at highest risk within the south Asian group (RR 3.24 (95% CI 1.73-6.07)). These ethnic groups were more likely to be hospital cases compared to the white British. Adjustment for baseline health and behavioural risk factors led to little change, with only modest attenuation when accounting for socioeconomic variables. Socioeconomic deprivation and having no qualifications were consistently associated with a higher risk of confirmed infection (RR 2.19 for most deprived quartile vs least (95% CI 1.80-2.66) and RR 2.00 for no qualifications vs degree (95% CI 1.66-2.42)).
conclusionsSome minority ethnic groups have a higher risk of confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection in the UK Biobank study, which was not accounted for by differences in socioeconomic conditions, baseline self-reported health or behavioural risk factors. An urgent response to addressing these elevated risks is required.
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