ArticleStatistical methods in medical research2020
A tutorial on frailty models.
Article in Statistical methods in medical research, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 122 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
122 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 242 citations in OpenAlex.
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- H-Likelihood Approach on the Joint Frailty Model for Clustered Bivariate Survival Data.Biometrical journal. Biometrische Zeitschrift · 2026Article
- Monitoring wildlife health for diseases with visible signs by integrating camera traps with marked individuals.Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology · 2026Article
- Higher Risk of Loss to Follow-up Among Transgender People With HIV in Italy: Findings From the ICONA Cohort.Open forum infectious diseases · 2026Article
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- Event-Driven Type Design for Clinical Trials With Recurrent Events.Statistics in medicine · 2026Article
- Estimating transmission parameters from stochastic epidemic models using survival analysis techniques.Statistical methods in medical research · 2026Article
- Association of Serum Chloride Concentration With All-Cause and Cardiovascular Mortality in Patients Undergoing Peritoneal Dialysis: The Fukuoka Peritoneal Dialysis Registry.Kidney medicine · 2026Article
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- Smooth transformation models for survival analysis: A tutorial using R.Statistical methods in medical research · 2026Article
- Article
- Joint Frailty Mixture Cure Model for Recurrent Event Data With Dependent Censoring: An MCEM Approach.Statistics in medicine · 2026Article
- Flexible yet Sparse Bayesian Survival Models With Time-Varying Coefficients and Unobserved Heterogeneity.Statistics in medicine · 2026Article
- Parametric Bayesian modelling of tuberculosis mortality determinants and facility level heterogeneity effect using Gamma and Gaussian shared frailty techniques.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Perceived Access, Perceived Need for Treatment, and the Decision to Seek Care for COPD Exacerbations.Journal of general internal medicine · 2026Article
- Estimands and Doubly Robust Estimation for Cluster-Randomized Trials With Survival Outcomes.Statistics in medicine · 2026Article
- Non-random patterns in the co-occurrence and accumulation of adverse life events in two national panel datasets.Communications psychology · 2026Article
62 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The hazard function plays a central role in survival analysis. In a homogeneous population, the distribution of the time to event, described by the hazard, is the same for each individual. Heterogeneity in the distributions can be accounted for by including covariates in a model for the hazard, for instance a proportional hazards model. In this model, individuals with the same value of the covariates will have the same distribution. It is natural to think that not all covariates that are thought to influence the distribution of the survival outcome are included in the model. This implies that there is unobserved heterogeneity; individuals with the same value of the covariates may have different distributions. One way of accounting for this unobserved heterogeneity is to include random effects in the model. In the context of hazard models for time to event outcomes, such random effects are called frailties, and the resulting models are called frailty models. In this tutorial, we study frailty models for survival outcomes. We illustrate how frailties induce selection of healthier individuals among survivors, and show how shared frailties can be used to model positively dependent survival outcomes in clustered data. The Laplace transform of the frailty distribution plays a central role in relating the hazards, conditional on the frailty, to hazards and survival functions observed in a population. Available software, mainly in R, will be discussed, and the use of frailty models is illustrated in two different applications, one on center effects and the other on recurrent events.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.