ArticleThe Korean journal of internal medicine2020
In vitro activity of lopinavir/ritonavir and hydroxychloroquine against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 at concentrations achievable by usual doses.
Article in The Korean journal of internal medicine, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 47 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
47 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 73 citations in OpenAlex.
- A Review of In Silico Research, SARS-CoV-2, and Neurodegeneration: Focus on Papain-Like Protease.Neurotoxicity research · 2022Pooled it
- COVID-19 in heart transplant recipients during February-August 2020: A systematic review.Clinical transplantation · 2021Pooled it
- Efficacy and safety of lopinavir-ritonavir in COVID-19: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials.Journal of infection and public health · 2021Pooled it
- QT interval prolongation and its related factors before and after receiving lopinavir-ritonavir in the COVID-19 era: a historical cohort study.Virus research · 2026Article
- In Vitro Validation of Size-Dependent Antiviral Activity ofMarine drugs · 2026Article
- Fisetin as an Antiviral Agent Targeting the RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase of SARS-CoV-2: Computational Prediction and In Vitro Experimental Validation.Microorganisms · 2025Article
- Autophagy and Respiratory Viruses: Mechanisms, Viral Exploitation, and Therapeutic Insights.Cells · 2025Review
- Advances and Challenges in Antiviral Development for Respiratory Viruses.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Comparable Efficacy of Lopinavir/Ritonavir and Remdesivir in Reducing Viral Load and Shedding Duration in Patients with COVID-19.Microorganisms · 2024Article
- Comparative efficacy of repurposed drugs lopinavir-ritonavir and darunavir-ritonavir in hospitalised COVID-19 patients: insights from a tertiary centre cohort.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2024Article
- Antiviral attributes of bee venom as a possible therapeutic approach against SARS-CoV-2 infection.Future virology · 2023Review
- Risk Factors for the Prescription of Ineffective Antiviral Candidates for COVID-19 During the Early Pandemic Period in Korea.Journal of Korean medical science · 2023Article
- In silico Study of Antiviral Activity of Polyphenol Compounds fromAdvances and applications in bioinformatics and chemistry : AABC · 2023Article
- Article
- Recent review of COVID-19 management: diagnosis, treatment and vaccination.Pharmacological reports : PR · 2022Review
- Celastrol: A lead compound that inhibits SARS-CoV-2 replication, the activity of viral and human cysteine proteases, and virus-induced IL-6 secretion.Drug development research · 2022Article
- Repurposing of antiviral drugs for COVID-19 and impact of repurposed drugs on the nervous system.Microbial pathogenesis · 2022Review
- The mechanism underlying extrapulmonary complications of the coronavirus disease 2019 and its therapeutic implication.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2022Review
- Stem cells or their exosomes: which is preferred in COVID-19 treatment?Biotechnology letters · 2022Review
- Immune-related adverse events of biological immunotherapies used in COVID-19.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
BACKGROUND/
aimsAs the coronavirus disease-2019 global pandemic progresses, screening of antiviral agents effective against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is urgently needed. In addition, considering the viral load kinetics of SARS-CoV-2, which peaks early in the illness, and the massive burden of the disease, which may increase in the near future, identifying well-tolerated oral antivirals becomes increasingly important. We examined the in vitro activity of lopinavir/ritonavir and hydroxychloroquine on SARS-CoV-2, at concentrations which can be used to treat coronavirus-19 patients with little concern of toxicity.
methodsLopinavir/ritonavir (7/1.75 μg/mL), hydroxychloroquine base (1 or 2 μg/mL), or a combination thereof were administered 1 hour after the inoculation of SARS-CoV-2 to Vero cells at a multiplicity of infection of 0.05. We examined cytopathic effects of virus 48 hours after administration of the respective treatments and measured viral loads at three time points (0, 24, and 48 hours post-treatment) by quantitative real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction, and compared the results obtained from the different antiviral regimens tested.
resultsThe severity of cytopathic effects was lower in lopinavir/ritonavir-treated cells, and viral load was significantly reduced in this group compared with the control group (p < 0.001). However, hydroxychloroquine did not show significant inhibitory effects on anti-SARS-CoV-2-mediated cytotoxicity or on viral load at either concentration.
conclusionLopinavir/ritonavir showed significant inhibitory effects on SARS-CoV-2 in vitro at its usual plasma concentration. However, the in vitro antiviral activity of hydroxychloroquine at concentrations commonly used in humans was minimal, whether used alone or in combination with lopinavir/ritonavir.
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