ArticleFrontiers in immunology2020
Immune Defect in Adults With Down Syndrome: Insights Into a Complex Issue.
Article in Frontiers in immunology, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 27 papers.
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Who cites it
27 citing papers in PubMed.
- T-cell responses to primary SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in Down syndrome - From childhood to adulthood.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2026Observational
- Clinical considerations for immune dysregulation and immunodeficiency in Down syndrome.Journal of human immunity · 2026Review
- Immune dysregulation in children with Down syndrome: clinical implications and emerging therapies.Current opinion in rheumatology · 2026Review
- Tetanus, diphtheria and pertussis vaccination and risk for incident dementia among adults with down syndrome.The journal of prevention of Alzheimer's disease · 2026Article
- How I Treat: Immune dysregulation in Down syndrome.Journal of human immunity · 2026Review
- Vaccination in individuals with Down syndrome: immune vulnerability, safety, efficacy and opportunities.NPJ vaccines · 2026Review
- Varicella pneumonia associated with incomplete vaccination in a patient with trisomy 21: A case report.Journal of general and family medicine · 2025Article
- DYRK1A in blood and immune function: implications in leukemia, inflammatory disorders, infection and Down syndrome.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2025Review
- Down Syndrome and Autoimmune Disease.Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology · 2024Review
- The immune system in Down Syndrome: Autoimmunity and severe infections.Immunological reviews · 2024Review
- Expression profile of inflammasome genes in individuals with Down syndrome.Genetics and molecular biology · 2024Article
- Importance of TREC and KREC as molecular markers for immunological evaluation of down syndrome children.Scientific reports · 2023Article
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- Article
- Enhancing understanding of SARS-CoV-2 infection among individuals with Down syndrome: An integrative review.Sao Paulo medical journal = Revista paulista de medicina · 2023Review
- Consequences of chromosome gain: A new view on trisomy syndromes.American journal of human genetics · 2022Review
- Down Syndrome in FPIES: An Overwhelming and Unexpected Prevalence.Journal of clinical medicine · 2022Article
- Review
- Pediatric immune myelofibrosis (PedIMF) as a novel and distinct clinical pathological entity.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2022Article
- COVID-19 in an Adult with Down Syndrome: Impact on Autoimmune Response.Case reports in infectious diseases · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Children with Down syndrome (DS) suffer from recurrent respiratory infections, which represent the leading cause of mortality during childhood. This susceptibility to infections is usually considered multifactorial and related to both impaired immune function and non-immunological factors. Infections are also one of the top causes of death in DS at adulthood. DS is considered an immunodeficiency with syndromic features by some researchers because of this high rate of infection and the immunological characteristics observed in children with DS. Little is known about the immune status of adult patients. Herein, we report the clinical and immune phenotype of 44 adults with DS, correlated with their infectious history. We observed that these adults had an aberrant lymphocyte phenotype with decreased naïve/memory T cell ratios and reduced numbers of switched memory B cells. The lower incidence of infectious events at adulthood distinguish DS from other inborn errors of immunity. Primary immunodeficiency-related features in DS could explain the increased risk of developing autoimmunity, malignancies, and infections. During adulthood, this immune dysfunction may be compensated for in mid-life, and infection-related mortality observed in older patients might be favored by multiple factors such as neurological impairment or nosocomial antigen exposure.
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