ArticleFrontiers in immunology2020
Single-Cell Atlas Reveals Complexity of the Immunosuppressive Microenvironment of Initial and Recurrent Glioblastoma.
Article in Frontiers in immunology, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 127 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
127 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 165 citations in OpenAlex.
- T cell immunity in glioma and potential implications for immunotherapy: A systematic review.Neuro-oncology · 2026Pooled it
- The Three Pillars of Glioblastoma: A Systematic Review and Novel Analysis of Multi-Omics and Clinical Data.Cells · 2024Pooled it
- Glioblastoma cells potentiate the induction of the Th1-like profile in phosphoantigen-stimulated γδ T lymphocytes.Journal of neuro-oncology · 2021Pooled it
- Article
- Improving T-cell engager efficacy in glioblastoma with multi-antigen targeting and novel delivery approaches.Acta neuropathologica · 2026Review
- Review
- Glioblastoma-natural killer cell crosstalk: insights from dynamic spheroid models reveal the importance of secreted cytokines and the CD155 axis.Cell communication and signaling : CCS · 2026Article
- Characterization, immune cell phenotyping and differential gene expression analysis of brain metastases and primary breast cancer samples.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- A spatiotemporal state-inference framework for adaptive immunotherapy in glioblastoma.Frontiers in oncology · 2026Review
- PLX3397 attenuated tumor growth and remodeled tumor microenvironment of recurrent glioblastoma.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Glioblastoma insights: Focus on crosstalk with the suppressive tumor microenvironment and advanced therapeutic strategies.Medicine · 2025Review
- IL-1βJournal of neuroinflammation · 2025Article
- A Novel Serum-Free Triculture Model of Glioblastoma, Astrocytes, and Macrophages.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Current advancement of immune function paradox of tumour-infiltrating cells and their immunotherapeutic targets: a mini-review.Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology · 2025Review
- Xenoline-polarized macrophages as an alternative in vitro model of tumor-associated macrophages in glioblastoma.Acta neuropathologica communications · 2025Article
- Epigenetic Alterations in Glioblastoma Multiforme as Novel Therapeutic Targets: A Scoping Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- The safety and feasibility of multiple intrathecal injections of allogenic NK cells in pediatrics with refractory/recurrent brain tumors.BMC cancer · 2025Article
- Review
- The Role of TIM-3 in Glioblastoma Progression.Cells · 2025Review
- Immune Cell Interplay in the Fight Against GBM.Cancers · 2025Review
67 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
12 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The Glioblastoma (GBM) immune microenvironment plays a critical role in tumor development, progression, and prognosis. A comprehensive understanding of the intricate milieu and its interactions remains unclear, and single-cell analysis is crucially needed. Leveraging mass cytometry (CyTOF), we analyzed immunocytes from 13 initial and three recurrent GBM samples and their matched peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pPBMCs). Using a panel of 30 markers, we provide a high-dimensional view of the complex GBM immune microenvironment. Hematoxylin and eosin staining and polychromatic immunofluorescence were used for verification of the key findings. In the initial and recurrent GBMs, glioma-associated microglia/macrophages (GAMs) constituted 59.05 and 27.87% of the immunocytes, respectively; programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-L1), T cell immunoglobulin domain and mucin domain-3 (TIM-3), lymphocyte activation gene-3 (LAG-3), interleukin-10 (IL-10) and transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) demonstrated different expression levels in the GAMs among the patients. GAMs could be subdivided into different subgroups with different phenotypes. Both the exhausted T cell and regulatory T (Treg) cell percentages were significantly higher in tumors than in pPBMCs. The natural killer (NK) cells that infiltrated into the tumor lesions expressed higher levels of CXC chemokine receptor 3 (CXCR3), as these cells expressed lower levels of interferon-γ (IFNγ). The immune microenvironment in the initial and recurrent GBMs displayed similar suppressive changes. Our study confirmed that GAMs, as the dominant infiltrating immunocytes, present great inter- and intra-tumoral heterogeneity and that GAMs, increased exhausted T cells, infiltrating Tregs, and nonfunctional NK cells contribute to local immune suppressive characteristics. Recurrent GBMs share similar immune signatures with the initial GBMs except the proportion of GAMs decreases.
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