ArticleFrontiers in immunology2020
Engineered IL-21 Cytokine Muteins Fused to Anti-PD-1 Antibodies Can Improve CD8+ T Cell Function and Anti-tumor Immunity.
Article in Frontiers in immunology, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 42 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
42 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 75 citations in OpenAlex.
- Engineering cytokines for cancer immunotherapy: a systematic review.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Pooled it
- Antigen-directed single domain antibody-based TNFR1 agonists elicit preferential killing of HER2-overexpressing cancer cells.iScience · 2026Article
- A modular platform for Sterically Masked Activated Cytokines (SMACks).Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026Article
- An engineered IL-21 variant is a potent antitumor candidate for antitumor immunotherapy.Acta pharmacologica Sinica · 2026Article
- Advances in IL-2 Family Cytokine-Based Cancer Therapies: Overcoming Challenges Through Molecular Engineering and Delivery Strategies.Immune network · 2026Review
- Article
- AttenuatedActa pharmaceutica Sinica. B · 2026Article
- Review
- Exploring the Pivotal Functions of Tertiary Lymphoid Structures in Cancer Prognosis and Immunotherapy Outcomes.Cancers · 2025Review
- Universal Fab-Fc masked cytokine prodrug platform: αPD-L1/IL-15 prodrug activates CD44Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2025Article
- Adjusting the scope of natural killer cells in cancer therapy.Cellular & molecular immunology · 2025Review
- Targeting PD-1Molecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy · 2025Article
- CLEC12A-directed immunocytokine with target cell-restricted IL-15 activity for treatment of acute myeloid leukemia.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Implications of glycosylation for the development of selected cytokines and their derivatives for medical use.Biotechnology advances · 2024Review
- IL-21/IL-21R signaling renders acute myeloid leukemia stem cells more susceptible to cytarabine treatment and CAR T cell therapy.Cell reports. Medicine · 2024Article
- Advancements and challenges in immunocytokines: A new arsenal against cancer.Acta pharmaceutica Sinica. B · 2024Review
- CD45 threads the needle of cytokine cancer immunotherapy.Nature immunology · 2024Article
- Stimulating the Antitumor Immune Response Using Immunocytokines: A Preclinical and Clinical Overview.Pharmaceutics · 2024Review
- A novel engineered IL-21 receptor arms T-cell receptor-engineered T cells (TCR-T cells) against hepatocellular carcinoma.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2024Article
- The present and future of bispecific antibodies for cancer therapy.Nature reviews. Drug discovery · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
16 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Inhibitors that block the programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) pathway can potentiate endogenous antitumor immunity and have markedly improved cancer survival rates across a broad range of indications. However, these treatments work for only a minority of patients. The efficacy of anti-PD-1 inhibitors may be extended by cytokines, however, the incorporation of cytokines into therapeutic regimens has significant challenges. In their natural form when administered as recombinant proteins, cytokine treatments are often associated with low response rates. Most cytokines have a short half-life which limits their exposure and efficacy. In addition, cytokines can activate counterregulatory pathways, in the case of immune-potentiating cytokines this can lead to immune suppression and thereby diminish their potential efficacy. Improving the drug-like properties of natural cytokines using protein engineering can yield synthetic cytokines with improved bioavailability and tissue targeting, allowing for enhanced efficacy and reduced off-target effects. Using structure guided engineering we have designed a novel class of antibody-cytokine fusion proteins consisting of a PD-1 targeting antibody fused together with an interleukin-21 (IL-21) cytokine
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.