ReviewNature reviews. Neurology2020
GAD antibodies in neurological disorders - insights and challenges.
Review in Nature reviews. Neurology, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 114 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
114 citing papers in PubMed, 229 citations in OpenAlex.
- Assessment of anti-GAD65-associated cerebellar ataxia withAnnals of nuclear medicine · 2023Trial
- Diagnosing autoimmune encephalitis in psychiatry: clinical recommendations and unresolved challenges from the GENERATE network.Molecular psychiatry · 2026Review
- Feasibility of short imaging protocols for [European journal of nuclear medicine and molecular imaging · 2026Article
- GAD65 encephalitis presenting with isolated refractory vomiting: a pivotal mimic of functional disorder.Acta neurologica Belgica · 2026Article
- Isolationof PASN from Argentine Squid Carcass By-Products Enhances Proliferation and Repair of hACs and PC12 In Vitro via Antioxidant Activity.Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Detection of Diagnostic Antibodies in Immune-Mediated Diseases: A Focus on Antigens and Technologies.Chembiochem : a European journal of chemical biology · 2026Review
- HLA Class I Haplotype in Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase Antibody-Associated Neurological Disease.European journal of neurology · 2026Article
- The Treatment of Antibody-Mediated Encephalitis: Current, Future Therapies, Unmet Need and Patient Management.Advances in therapy · 2026Review
- Immune cell profiling reveals expanded stem cell-like memory T cells in anti-GAD65-associated neurological syndromes.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026Article
- Cardiac endogenous transmitter system: molecular features, functions, and clinical implications.European heart journal · 2026Review
- Successful fresh formulation CD19 CAR-T cell therapy for GAD65 antibody-mediated cerebellar ataxia. A Case Report.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Treatment of anti-GAD65 antibody-positive epilepsy and cerebellar ataxia with efgartigimod: a case report and literature review.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Case Report: Recurrent anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 antibody-associated encephalitis in a child.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Can Genetic Predisposition Play a Role in Anti-Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase (GAD) Autoimmunity? A Rare Presentation in Three Siblings.Case reports in immunology · 2026Article
- Neuroglial markers of damage in autoimmune neurology.Therapeutic advances in neurological disorders · 2026Review
- Testing for neural antibodies in autoimmune encephalitis: who, what, where, when, why, and how.Therapeutic advances in neurological disorders · 2026Review
- Prognostic factors and a preliminary prognostic model in anti-GAD antibody-associated epilepsy.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Decoding auditory cognition: Unraveling the corticostriatal-SNr circuit's role in frequency discrimination accuracy.iScience · 2025Article
- Stereo-EEG associated anti-GAD65 autoimmune encephalitis - A report of two cases.Epilepsy & behavior reports · 2025Article
- Possible autoimmune encephalitis in a patient with Good's syndrome.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2025Article
54 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Antibodies to glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) have been associated with several neurological syndromes, including stiff-person syndrome, cerebellar ataxia and epilepsy. These antibodies were first described in 1988, but several controversies about GAD autoimmunity still remain. No criteria exist to establish when a neurological syndrome is pathogenically linked to GAD antibodies, often leading to the assumption that any syndrome in which these antibodies are present is immune mediated, sometimes resulting in misdiagnosis and unnecessary treatment. In this Review, we provide recommendations for assessing the association between a neurological syndrome and the presence of GAD antibodies, and we critically review the evidence on the pathogenicity of GAD antibodies. Given that stiff-person syndrome is usually autoimmune, the presence of GAD antibodies in the cerebrospinal fluid is sufficient to confirm a pathogenic link with GAD autoimmunity. However, for cerebellar ataxia, epilepsy and other syndromes with different aetiologies, we propose that confirmation of a pathogenic link with GAD autoimmunity requires demonstration of intrathecal GAD antibody synthesis. Nevertheless, the evidence that GAD antibodies are directly pathogenic is not yet convincing. Studies in animal models are needed to demonstrate whether neurological syndromes are directly caused by specific disruption of GAD function by GAD antibodies.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.