ArticleBiological psychiatry. Cognitive neuroscience and neuroimaging2020
Extra-axial Cerebrospinal Fluid Relationships to Infant Brain Structure, Cognitive Development, and Risk for Schizophrenia.
Article in Biological psychiatry. Cognitive neuroscience and neuroimaging, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed, 15 citations in OpenAlex.
- Increased CSF volume, altered brain development and emotional reactivity after postnatal Zika virus infection in infant rhesus macaques.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Increased Extra-Axial Cerebrospinal Fluid Volume in Children with Angelman Syndrome: Links to Sleep Problems and Seizures.Annals of the Child Neurology Society · 2025Article
- No difference in extra-axial cerebrospinal fluid volumes across neurodevelopmental and psychiatric conditions in later childhood and adolescence.Journal of neurodevelopmental disorders · 2023Article
- Macrophages on the margin: choroid plexus immune responses.Trends in neurosciences · 2021Review
- Evidence for normal extra-axial cerebrospinal fluid volume in autistic males from middle childhood to adulthood.NeuroImage · 2021Article
- Mitochondria in Early Forebrain Development: From Neurulation to Mid-Corticogenesis.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2021Review
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6 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundIncreased volume of extra-axial cerebrospinal fluid (EA-CSF) is associated with autism spectrum disorder diagnosis in young children. However, little is known about EA-CSF development in typically developing (TD) children or in children at risk for schizophrenia (SCZHR).
methods3T magnetic resonance imaging scans were obtained in TD children (n = 105) and in SCZHR children (n = 38) at 1 and 2 years of age. EA-CSF volume and several measures of brain structure were generated, including global tissue volumes, cortical thickness, and surface area. Cognitive and motor abilities at 1 and 2 years of age were assessed using the Mullen Scales of Early Learning.
resultsIn the TD children, EA-CSF volume was positively associated with total brain volume, gray and white matter volumes, and total surface area at 1 and 2 years of age. In contrast, EA-CSF volume was negatively associated with average cortical thickness. Lower motor ability was associated with increased EA-CSF volume at 1 year of age. EA-CSF was not significantly increased in SCZHR children compared with TD children.
conclusionsEA-CSF volume is positively associated with overall brain size and cortical surface area but negatively associated with cortical thickness. Increased EA-CSF is associated with delayed motor development at 1 year of age, similar to studies of children at risk for autism, suggesting that increased EA-CSF may be an early biomarker of abnormal brain development in infancy. Infants in the SCZHR group did not exhibit significantly increased EA-CSF, suggesting that increased EA-CSF could be specific to neurodevelopmental disorders with an earlier onset, such as autism.
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