ReviewToxins2020
Paralytic Shellfish Toxins (PST)-Transforming Enzymes: A Review.
Review in Toxins, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 71 citations in OpenAlex.
- Global epidemiology of paralytic shellfish poisoning: a systematic search literature review.The Lancet. Planetary health · 2025Pooled it
- Electrochemical biosensors for saxitoxin detection: advances, limitations, and challenges for market transition.Environmental monitoring and assessment · 2026Review
- Saxitoxin: A Comprehensive Review of Its History, Structure, Toxicology, Biosynthesis, Detection, and Preventive Implications.Marine drugs · 2025Review
- Review
- Toxicological and Pharmacological Activities, and Potential Medical Applications, of Marine Algal Toxins.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- The Effecting Mechanisms of 100 nm Sized Polystyrene Nanoplastics on the Typical CoastalInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Article
- Carbamoylase-based impedimetric electronic tongue for rapid detection of paralytic shellfish toxins.Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry · 2024Article
- Contamination Status and Acute Dietary Exposure Assessment of Paralytic Shellfish Toxins in Shellfish in the Dalian Area of the Yellow-Bohai Sea, China.Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Zootoxins and Domestic Animals: A European View.Toxins · 2024Review
- Article
- First Toxicological Analysis of the PufferfishAnimals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2023Article
- Effect of dissolved metabolites of the dinoflagellateHeliyon · 2023Article
- Transcriptome Analysis Reveals the Genes Involved in Oxidative Stress Responses of Scallop to PST-Producing Algae and a Candidate Biomarker for PST Monitoring.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Twenty-Five Years of PSP Toxicity in Galician (NW Spain) Bivalves: Spatial, Temporal, and Interspecific Variations.Toxins · 2022Article
- A New Perspective: Revealing the Algicidal Properties ofMarine drugs · 2022Article
- Article
- The Common SunstarMarine drugs · 2021Article
- Article
- Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs) are a group of toxins that cause paralytic shellfish poisoning through blockage of voltage-gated sodium channels. PSTs are produced by prokaryotic freshwater cyanobacteria and eukaryotic marine dinoflagellates. Proliferation of toxic algae species can lead to harmful algal blooms, during which seafood accumulate high levels of PSTs, posing a health threat to consumers. The existence of PST-transforming enzymes was first remarked due to the divergence of PST profiles and concentrations between contaminated bivalves and toxigenic organisms. Later, several enzymes involved in PST transformation, synthesis and elimination have been identified. The knowledge of PST-transforming enzymes is necessary for understanding the processes of toxin accumulation and depuration in mollusk bivalves. Furthermore, PST-transforming enzymes facilitate the obtainment of pure analogues of toxins as in natural sources they are present in a mixture. Pure compounds are of interest for the development of drug candidates and as analytical reference materials. PST-transforming enzymes can also be employed for the development of analytical tools for toxin detection. This review summarizes the PST-transforming enzymes identified so far in living organisms from bacteria to humans, with special emphasis on bivalves, cyanobacteria and dinoflagellates, and discusses enzymes' biological functions and potential practical applications.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.