ArticleCancers2020
Rafoxanide Induces Immunogenic Death of Colorectal Cancer Cells.
Article in Cancers, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed, 22 citations in OpenAlex.
- Innovative horizons: harnessing drug repositioning for targeted therapeutics in colorectal cancer.Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology · 2025Review
- Repurposing Rafoxanide: From Parasite Killer to Cancer Fighter.Biomedicines · 2025Review
- Integrated multi-omics and machine learning reveal an immunogenic cell death-related signature for prognostic stratification and therapeutic optimization in colorectal cancer.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Rafoxanide negatively modulates STAT3 and NF-κB activity and inflammation-associated colon tumorigenesis.Cancer science · 2024Article
- Reprogramming tumor immune microenvironment by milbemycin oxime results in pancreatic tumor growth suppression and enhanced anti-PD-1 efficacy.Molecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy · 2024Article
- Therapeutic strategies of targeting non-apoptotic regulated cell death (RCD) with small-molecule compounds in cancer.Acta pharmaceutica Sinica. B · 2024Review
- New Salicylanilide Derivatives and Their Peptide Conjugates as Anticancer Compounds: Synthesis, Characterization, andACS omega · 2024Article
- Article
- Anthelmintic Drugs as Emerging Immune Modulators in Cancer.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Salicylanilides and Their Anticancer Properties.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Double Repositioning: Veterinary Antiparasitic to Human Anticancer.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Review
- Colorectal cancer vaccines: The current scenario and future prospects.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Review
- Anthelmintics for drug repurposing: Opportunities and challenges.Saudi pharmaceutical journal : SPJ : the official publication of the Saudi Pharmaceutical Society · 2021Review
- Repositioning of Anthelmintic Drugs for the Treatment of Cancers of the Digestive System.International journal of molecular sciences · 2020Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a major cause of cancer-related death in the world. Emerging evidence suggests that the clinical success of conventional chemotherapy does not merely rely on cell toxicity, but also results from the restoration of tumor immune surveillance. Anti-tumor immune response can be primed by immunogenic cell death (ICD), a form of apoptosis associated with endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) induction and the expression/release of specific damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). Unfortunately, a limited number of ICD inducers have been identified so far. The anti-helmintic drug rafoxanide has recently showed anti-tumor activity in different cancer types, including CRC. As such latter effects relied on ERS activation, we here investigated whether rafoxanide could promote ICD of CRC cells. The potential of rafoxanide to induce ICD-related DAMPs in both human and mouse CRC cells was assessed by flow-cytometry, chemiluminescent assay and ELISA. In addition, the immunogenic potential of rafoxanide was assessed in vivo using a vaccination assay. Rafoxanide induced all the main DAMPs (ecto-calreticulin exposure, adenosine triphosphate (ATP)/high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) release) required for ICD. We observed a marked increase of tumor-free survival among immunocompetent mice immunized with rafoxanide-treated dying tumor cells as compared with sham. Altogether, our data indicate rafoxanide as a bona fide ICD inducer.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.