ArticleInternational journal of molecular sciences2020
Smoking-Mediated Upregulation of the Androgen Pathway Leads to Increased SARS-CoV-2 Susceptibility.
Article in International journal of molecular sciences, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 35 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The trial behind it
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Who cites it
35 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 48 citations in OpenAlex.
- Smoking and vaping alter genes related to mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 susceptibility and severity: a systematic review and meta-analysis.The European respiratory journal · 2024Pooled it
- Article
- Targeted Analysis of Placental Steroid Hormones in Relation to Maternal Tobacco Smoke Exposure: Early Markers Relevant to DOHaD (Developmental Origins of Health and Disease).International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Angiotensin‑converting enzyme 2 expression in human tumors: Implications for prognosis and therapy (Review).Oncology reports · 2025Review
- Repercussion of SARS-CoV-2 on the Sexual Function in Males: An Updated Review.Infectious disorders drug targets · 2025Review
- Review
- Smoking as a Risk or Protective Factor in Developing and Severity of COVID-19?Journal of acute medicine · 2023Article
- Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis on Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 in Head and Neck Region.Cureus · 2023Review
- E-Cigarette Vapour Increases ACE2 and TMPRSS2 Expression in a Flavour- and Nicotine-Dependent Manner.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- The immune response to COVID-19: Does sex matter?Immunology · 2022Review
- Examining Male Predominance of Severe COVID-19 Outcomes: A Systematic Review.Androgens: clinical research and therapeutics · 2022Review
- Immunoreactivity of the SARS-CoV-2 entry proteins ACE-2 and TMPRSS-2 in murine models of hormonal manipulation, ageing, and cardiac injury.Scientific reports · 2021Article
- A Plausible Link of TMPRSS2/ACE2/AR Signaling to Male Mortality during the COVID-19 Pandemic in the United States.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Article
- Cigarette Smoke Stimulates SARS-CoV-2 Internalization by Activating AhR and Increasing ACE2 Expression in Human Gingival Epithelial Cells.International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Article
- Prognostic effect of gender on outcome of treatment for adults with acute myeloid leukaemia.British journal of haematology · 2021Article
- Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection reaches the human nervous system: How?Journal of neuroscience research · 2021Review
- Construction of a risk map to understand the vulnerability of various types of cancer patients to COVID-19 infection.MedComm · 2021Article
- The scRNA-seq Expression Profiling of the Receptor ACE2 and the Cellular Protease TMPRSS2 Reveals Human Organs Susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 Infection.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Article
- PFOA induces alteration in DNA methylation regulators and SARS-CoV-2 targetsToxicology reports · 2021Article
- Tobacco use as a well-recognized cause of severe COVID-19 manifestations.Respiratory medicine · 2021Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic is marked by a wide range of clinical disease courses, ranging from asymptomatic to deadly. There have been many studies seeking to explore the correlations between COVID-19 clinical outcomes and various clinical variables, including age, sex, race, underlying medical problems, and social habits. In particular, the relationship between smoking and COVID-19 outcome is controversial, with multiple conflicting reports in the current literature. In this study, we aim to analyze how smoking may affect the SARS-CoV-2 infection rate. We analyzed sequencing data from lung and oral epithelial samples obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). We found that the receptor and transmembrane protease necessary for SARS-CoV-2 entry into host cells, ACE2 and TMPRSS2, respectively, were upregulated in smoking samples from both lung and oral epithelial tissue. We then explored the mechanistic hypothesis that smoking may upregulate ACE2 expression through the upregulation of the androgen pathway. ACE2 and TMPRSS2 upregulation were both correlated to androgen pathway enrichment and the specific upregulation of central pathway regulatory genes. These data provide a potential model for the increased susceptibility of smoking patients to COVID-19 and encourage further exploration into the androgen and tobacco upregulation of ACE2 to understand the potential clinical ramifications.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.