ArticleInternational breastfeeding journal2020
Circadian changes in the composition of human milk macronutrients depending on pregnancy duration: a cross-sectional study.
Article in International breastfeeding journal, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 22 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 52 citations in OpenAlex.
- Standardised versus Individualised Fortification of Expressed Breastmilk for Preterm Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Neonatology · 2026Pooled it
- Total Fat and Fatty Acid Composition of Preterm Human Milk: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) · 2026Pooled it
- Temporal Changes in Breast Milk Fatty Acids Contents: A Case Study of Malay Breastfeeding Women.Nutrients · 2020Trial
- The Circadian Composition of Breast Milk: A Natural Starting Point for Chrononutrition.Current nutrition reports · 2026Review
- Diurnal rhythms in melatonin and cortisol in very preterm human milk.Frontiers in nutrition · 2026Article
- Association of maternal diet with human milk fatty acid and macronutrient composition: a Saudi cohort study.Frontiers in nutrition · 2026Article
- Human Milk Macronutrient and Energy Contents Are Associated with Maternal and Infant Factors: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of Data from the Japanese Human Milk Study Cohort.Current developments in nutrition · 2025Article
- Relationship Between Birthweight for Gestational Age and Colostrum Macronutrient Composition: A Comparative Analysis in Small, Appropriate, and Large for Gestational Age Infants.Journal of human lactation : official journal of International Lactation Consultant Association · 2025Observational
- High-throughput, pan-leukocyte biomarkers for the detection of inflammation in human breastmilk and stool.Frontiers in epigenetics and epigenomics · 2025Article
- The Effect of Cannabis Consumption During Lactation on the Macronutrient Concentrations in Breast Milk.Breastfeeding medicine : the official journal of the Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine · 2025Article
- Article
- Untargeted Metabolomic Analysis of Lactation-Stage-Matched Human and Bovine Milk Samples at 2 Weeks Postnatal.Nutrients · 2023Article
- The contributions of parental lactation on offspring development: It's not udder nonsense!Hormones and behavior · 2023Review
- Circadian Rhythm Does Not Affect the miRNA Cargo of Bovine Raw Milk Extracellular Vesicles.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- Gestational Hypertension and Human Breast Milk Composition in Correlation with the Assessment of Fetal Growth-A Pilot Study.Nutrients · 2023Article
- Protein and Immune Component Content of Donor Human Milk in Japan: Variation with Gestational and Postpartum Age.Nutrients · 2023Article
- An equitable, community-engaged translational framework for science in human lactation and infant feeding-a report from "Breastmilk Ecology: Genesis of Infant Nutrition (BEGIN)" Working Group 5.The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2023Article
- Article
- Review
- Association between Maternal Characteristics and Immune Factors TGF-β1, TGF-β2, and IgA in Colostrum: An Exploratory Study in Japan.Nutrients · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundThe purpose of this study was to evaluate the circadian variation of human milk macronutrients and energy content depending upon pregnancy duration.
methodsOne hundred eighty fresh human milk samples from 45 mothers (27 of preterm and 18 of full-term newborns) were collected on a single day chosen between the 14th to 16th day after delivery. The samples were taken four times per day at 12 PM, 6 PM, 12 AM and 6 AM. Only lactating women, who could not breastfeed their hospitalized newborns and expressed milk by breast pump, were enrolled in the study. Human milk macronutrient composition and energy count were evaluated by mid-infrared spectrophotometry.
resultsSignificant differences in macronutrient content were observed between 6 AM and 12 PM for mean protein content (t = - 4.62, df = 44, p < 0.001), for mean fat content (t = - 2.10, df = 44, p = 0.04) and for mean energy content (t = - 2.24, df = 44, p = 0.03); between 6 AM and 6 PM for mean protein content (t = - 2.41, df = 43, p = 0.02), for mean fat content (t = - 3.76, df = 43, p = 0.001) and for mean energy content (t = - 3.85, df = 43, p < 0.001); between 12 PM and 12 AM for mean protein content (Wilcoxon test V = 75.5, p = 0.001), for mean fat content (t = 2.50, df = 44, p = 0.02) and for mean energy content (t = 2.74, df = 44, p = 0.01); between 6 PM and 12 AM for mean protein content (V = 229, p = 0.02), for mean fat content (t = 4.39, df = 43, p < 0.001) and for mean energy content (t = - 4.57, df = 43, p < 0.001). The average content of carbohydrates did not change significantly during the 24 h. The samples of preterm newborns' mothers had more apparent diurnal fluctuations in macronutrient content.
conclusionsOur study revealed significant diurnal variations in protein and fat in human milk, and these circadian fluctuations were more apparent in the milk of mothers of preterm infants.
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