Evidence map›Paper›PMID 32448789›Full record

ArticleBMJ open2020

Cardiovascular risk profiles and the uptake of the NHS Healthcheck programme in male prisoners in six UK prisons: an observational cross-sectional survey.

Christopher Packham, Elizabeth Butcher, Marie Williams, Joanne Miksza, Richard Morriss, Kamlesh Khunti

Open access · goldAbstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in BMJ open, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
7citing papers in PubMed, 4 pooled it
1.3field-weighted citation impact, top 19% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

7 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 20 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Prevalence of overweight and obesity in incarcerated individuals in developed and developing countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Obesity reviews : an official journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity · 2025
    Pooled it
  2. Pooled it
  3. Pooled it
  4. Could Physical Activity Have any Role in Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Prisoners? A Systematic Review.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021
    Pooled it
  5. Article
  6. Observational
  7. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

6 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.

Christopher PackhamMedical Directorate, Nottinghamshire Healthcare NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK chris.packham@nottshc.nhs.uk.ORCID 0000-0002-8665-4050
Elizabeth ButcherInstitute of Mental Health, Nottinghamshire Healthcare NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK.
Marie WilliamsInstitute of Mental Health, Nottinghamshire Healthcare NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK.
Joanne MikszaDiabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.
Richard MorrissUniversity of Nottingham Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Nottingham, UK.ORCID 0000-0003-2910-4121
Kamlesh KhuntiDiabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.
Nottinghamshire Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust · GBUniversity of Leicester · GBUniversity of Nottingham · GB

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

introductionHalf of all deaths in custody are due to natural causes, the most common being cardiovascular disease (CVD). National Health Service Healthchecks should be available to all eligible prisoners; it is not clear who receives them. Mental health issues are common in prisoners and may affect how healthcare interventions should be delivered. Current policy is to offer Healthchecks to those serving over 2 years in prison. OBJECTIVES, METHODS, SETTING AND

designAn observational cross-sectional survey in six male prisons in England between September 2017 and January 2019 in prisoners aged 35-74 to identify who was eligible for a Healthcheck and compare CVD risk data with those that were not, and factors associated with uptake. OUTCOME MEASURES: Characteristics of those accepting a Healthcheck were compared with those declining. Assessments of anxiety and depression were compared with CVD risk factors.

results1207 prisoners completed a Healthcheck. 21.8% of prisoners were ineligible due to existing comorbidities. 76.4% of those invited took up a Healthcheck, and of those, 12.1% were found to have new significant CVD comorbidity. CVD risk was similar to community levels but this population was 10 years younger. Definite case-level depression or anxiety was present in 20.7% and 18.0%, respectively, of participants. An association was found between ethnicity and those invited (p=0.023, φ=0.1) and accepting (p=0.008, φ=0.1) a Healthcheck. 9.7% of prisoners serving less than 2 years had CVD risk scores of 10% or more, and had similar CVD risk profiles but much higher levels of anxiety (p<0.001, φ=0.2) or depression (p=0.009, φ=0.2) than those serving 2 years or more.

conclusionCardiovascular risk was comparable with community rates and in some prisons, much higher. Rates of anxiety and depression were high. The national policy for selecting prisoners for Healthchecks may leave many high-risk prisoners without appropriate cardiovascular preventative assessments.

Indexed as

Cardiovascular DiseasesHeart Disease Risk FactorsPrisonersAdultAgedCross-Sectional StudiesEnglandHumansMaleMiddle AgedPrisonsRisk FactorsState MedicineUnited Kingdomcardiovascular medicinehealthchecksmental healthorganisation of health servicesprisoners

Identifiers

PMID32448789
PMCPMC7253003
OpenAlexW3028069269

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY-NC
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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.