ArticleVeterinary research2020
Bacillus subtilis spores as adjuvants against avian influenza H9N2 induce antigen-specific antibody and T cell responses in White Leghorn chickens.
Article in Veterinary research, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 28 papers.
What it found
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
28 citing papers in PubMed, 37 citations in OpenAlex.
- Probiotics as Potential Enhancers of Veterinary Vaccines.Probiotics and antimicrobial proteins · 2026Review
- Construction of an Oral Vaccine Based on Multiple Antigens of African Swine Fever Virus Displayed on the Surface of Bacillus Subtilis Spores and Study of its Immune Effect in Rats.Current microbiology · 2026Article
- Targeting dengue through mucosal vaccination: the potential of NS1 and bacterial spore-based delivery platforms.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Review
- Disruption of Spore Coat Integrity inCurrent issues in molecular biology · 2025Article
- Immunogenicity of RSV Fusion Protein Adsorbed to Non-PathogenicBiomedicines · 2025Article
- Surface display of LukF-PV onFuture microbiology · 2025Article
- Article
- Winning the battle of intestinal peace withFrontiers in microbiology · 2025Review
- Co-injection with inactivatedFrontiers in microbiology · 2025Article
- Approaches to Enhance the Potency of Vaccines in Chickens.Vaccines · 2024Review
- Oral co-administration ofJournal of virology · 2024Article
- Mucosal Immunization with Spore-Based Vaccines againstVaccines · 2024Article
- Evaluation of the Immunity Responses in Mice to RecombinantMicroorganisms · 2024Article
- Dietary supplementation withFrontiers in veterinary science · 2024Article
- Construction and Immunogenicity Evaluation of Recombinant Bacillus subtilis Expressing HA1 Protein of H9N2 Avian Influenza Virus.Current microbiology · 2023Article
- Article
- The Bacterial Spore as a Mucosal Vaccine Delivery System.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Recent five-year progress in the impact of gut microbiota on vaccination and possible mechanisms.Gut pathogens · 2023Review
- ProbioticMicroorganisms · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
12 authors at 2 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Low-pathogenicity avian influenza H9N2 remains an endemic disease worldwide despite continuous vaccination, indicating the need for an improved vaccine strategy. Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis), a gram-positive and endospore-forming bacterium, is a non-pathogenic species that has been used in probiotic formulations for both animals and humans. The objective of the present study was to elucidate the effect of B. subtilis spores as adjuvants in chickens administered inactivated avian influenza virus H9N2. Herein, the adjuvanticity of B. subtilis spores in chickens was demonstrated by enhancement of H9N2 virus-specific IgG responses. B. subtilis spores enhanced the proportion of B cells and the innate cell population in splenocytes from chickens administered both inactivated H9N2 and B. subtilis spores (Spore + H9N2). Furthermore, the H9N2 and spore administration induced significantly increased expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-6 compared to that in the H9N2 only group. Additionally, total splenocytes from chickens immunized with inactivated H9N2 in the presence or absence of B. subtilis spores were re-stimulated with inactivated H9N2. The subsequent results showed that the extent of antigen-specific CD4
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.