Climatic seasonality and water quality in watersheds: a study case in Limoeiro River watershed in the western region of São Paulo State, Brazil.

Applying the climatological water balance (WB) concept to describe the relationship between climatic seasonality and surface water quality according to different forms of land use and land cover (LULC) is an important issue, but little explored in the literature. In this paper, we evaluate the influence of WB on surface water quality and its impacts when interacting with LULC. We monitored 11 sampling points during the four seasons of the year, from which we estimate WQI (water quality index) and TSI (trophic state index). We found an effect of the seasonality factor on both WQI values (F(3,30) = 12.472; p < 0.01) and in TSI values (F(3,30) = 6.967; p < 0.01). We noticed that LULC interferes in the way that the water balance influences the WQI and TSI values since in sampling points closest to higher urban density, with little or no riparian protection, the correlation between water balance and water quality was lower. In the stations that had the lowest water surplus and deficit, there was positive linearity between water balance and WQI. However, in the seasons when the surplus and water deficit recorded were extreme, there was no linearity. We conclude that water deficiency impairs the quality of surface water. In the extreme surplus water season, the homogeneity of WQI samples was lower, suggesting a higher interaction between rainwater and LULC. This study contributes to design management strategies of water resources, considering the climatic seasonality for optimization.