ArticleArchives of toxicology2020
Harnessing the power of novel animal-free test methods for the development of COVID-19 drugs and vaccines.
Article in Archives of toxicology, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed, 38 citations in OpenAlex.
- What's in a NAM?Lab animal · 2026Review
- Organoids and organs-on-chips for accelerating R&D and clinical translation in Orthopaedics: Emerging opportunities and regulatory pathways.Journal of orthopaedic translation · 2026Review
- Antibody-based alternatives to animal testing for toxin detection and antitoxin evaluation.Frontiers in toxicology · 2025Review
- Development trends of human organoid-based COVID-19 research based on bibliometric analysis.Cell proliferation · 2023Review
- Article
- Human Organoids as a Promising Platform for Fighting COVID-19.International journal of biological sciences · 2022Review
- Experimental Models of SARS-COV-2 Infection in the Central Nervous System.Journal of central nervous system disease · 2022Review
- Neurological complications and infection mechanism of SARS-COV-2.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2021Review
- A Review on SARS-CoV-2-Induced Neuroinflammation, Neurodevelopmental Complications, and Recent Updates on the Vaccine Development.Molecular neurobiology · 2021Review
- Histopathological features of SARS-CoV-2 infection and relationships with organoid technology.The Journal of international medical research · 2021Review
- Challenges and Scientific Prospects of the Newest Generation of mRNA-Based Vaccines against SARS-CoV-2.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Review
- In silico T cell epitope identification for SARS-CoV-2: Progress and perspectives.Advanced drug delivery reviews · 2021Review
- Endocytosis and Transcytosis of SARS-CoV-2 Across the Intestinal Epithelium and Other Tissue Barriers.Frontiers in immunology · 2021Review
- COVID-19 vaccines: ethical framework concerning human challenge studies.Daru : journal of Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences · 2020Article
- A review of vaccine effects on women in light of the COVID-19 pandemic.Taiwanese journal of obstetrics & gynecology · 2020Review
- Setting the stage for next-generation risk assessment with non-animal approaches: the EU-ToxRisk project experience.Archives of toxicology · 2020Article
- A putative AOP for pneumonia related to COVID-19.Archives of toxicology · 2020Article
- Preclinical Development of Orally Inhaled Drugs (OIDs)-Are Animal Models Predictive or Shall We Move Towards In Vitro Non-Animal Models?Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2020Article
- Drug targets for COVID-19 therapeutics: Ongoing global efforts.Journal of biosciences · 2020Review
- Experimental Models for the Study of Central Nervous System Infection by SARS-CoV-2.Frontiers in immunologyReview
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 3 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
The COVID-19-inducing virus, SARS-CoV2, is likely to remain a threat to human health unless efficient drugs or vaccines become available. Given the extent of the current pandemic (people in over one hundred countries infected) and its disastrous effect on world economy (associated with limitations of human rights), speedy drug discovery is critical. In this situation, past investments into the development of new (animal-free) approach methods (NAM) for drug safety, efficacy, and quality evaluation can be leveraged. For this, we provide an overview of repurposing ideas to shortcut drug development times. Animal-based testing would be too lengthy, and it largely fails, when a pathogen is species-specific or if the desired drug is based on specific features of human biology. Fortunately, industry has already largely shifted to NAM, and some public funding programs have advanced the development of animal-free technologies. For instance, NAM can predict genotoxicity (a major aspect of carcinogenicity) within days, human antibodies targeting virus epitopes can be generated in molecular biology laboratories within weeks, and various human cell-based organoids are available to test virus infectivity and the biological processes controlling them. The European Medicines Agency (EMA) has formed an expert group to pave the way for the use of such approaches for accelerated drug development. This situation illustrates the importance of diversification in drug discovery strategies and clearly shows the shortcomings of an approach that invests 95% of resources into a single technology (animal experimentation) in the face of challenges that require alternative approaches.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.