ArticleNature communications2020
Intestinal fungi are causally implicated in microbiome assembly and immune development in mice.
Article in Nature communications, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT04733456 (Evaluation of Brain Activity and Oxygenation Using Near-infrared Spectroscopy), which is not on this map. Cited by 158 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Evaluation of Brain Activity and Oxygenation Using Near-infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) in Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) Patients
Who cites it
158 citing papers in PubMed, 240 citations in OpenAlex.
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- Antibiotic-induced Malassezia expansion in the infant gut promotes early-life immune dysregulation and airway inflammation in mice.Nature communications · 2026Article
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- The mycobiome, virome and archaeome in gastrointestinal cancers: molecular pathogenesis and therapeutic intervention.Molecular cancer · 2026Review
- Tracking fungal pathogens on cancer: Oncomicrobes or opportunistic bystanders?PLoS pathogens · 2026Article
- Organ-on-chip (OoC) and nano-biomaterials: next generation of precision oral and dental healthcare research.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2026Review
- Effects of environmental setting and diet on the gut microbial ecology of eastern hellbenders (Cryptobranchus alleganiensis alleganiensis).Animal microbiome · 2026Article
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- Intestinal fungi shape the biology of the mammalian gut.PLoS pathogens · 2026Article
- Gut-Heart Axis in Myocardial Repair: Mechanisms, Cross-Organ Networks, and Therapeutic Opportunities.Circulation research · 2026Review
- Impact of maternal, infant, and household factors on early-life gut microbiome development in a rural setting.The ISME journal · 2026Article
- The role of the gut mycobiota in neurodevelopmental disorders: a multikingdom disruption of the gut-brain axis.Frontiers in microbiology · 2026Review
- From gut to lung: the microbiome-directed causal mechanisms and therapeutic horizons in asthma.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Cross-species engraftment biases and metabolic divergence in gnotobiotic mice humanized with ulcerative colitis microbiota.Gut microbes · 2025Article
- Article
98 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
16 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
The gut microbiome consists of a multi-kingdom microbial community. Whilst the role of bacteria as causal contributors governing host physiological development is well established, the role of fungi remains to be determined. Here, we use germ-free mice colonized with defined species of bacteria, fungi, or both to differentiate the causal role of fungi on microbiome assembly, immune development, susceptibility to colitis, and airway inflammation. Fungal colonization promotes major shifts in bacterial microbiome ecology, and has an independent effect on innate and adaptive immune development in young mice. While exclusive fungal colonization is insufficient to elicit overt dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis, bacterial and fungal co-colonization increase colonic inflammation. Ovalbumin-induced airway inflammation reveals that bacterial, but not fungal colonization is necessary to decrease airway inflammation, yet fungi selectively promotes macrophage infiltration in the airway. Together, our findings demonstrate a causal role for fungi in microbial ecology and host immune functionality, and therefore prompt the inclusion of fungi in therapeutic approaches aimed at modulating early life microbiomes.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.