ArticlemBio2020
Antiviral Efficacies of FDA-Approved Drugs against SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Ferrets.
Article in mBio, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT04894409 (Evaluation of Silver Nanoparticles as an Oropharyngeal Product), which is not on this map. Cited by 132 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Evaluation of Silver Nanoparticles as an Oropharyngeal Product (Mouthwash) and Nasal Hygiene, by Health Personnel Working at the Tijuana General Hospital Exposed to Patients Diagnosed With Atypical Pneumonia Caused by SARS-CoV-2
Who cites it
132 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 197 citations in OpenAlex.
- Emerging role of artificial intelligence in therapeutics for COVID-19: a systematic review.Journal of biomolecular structure & dynamics · 2022Pooled it
- Hydroxychloroquine/chloroquine for the treatment of hospitalized patients with COVID-19: An individual participant data meta-analysis.PloS one · 2022Pooled it
- Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 natural animal reservoirs and experimental models: systematic review.Reviews in medical virology · 2021Pooled it
- Efficacy and safety of lopinavir-ritonavir in COVID-19: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials.Journal of infection and public health · 2021Pooled it
- Preventive and therapeutic benefits of nelfinavir in rhesus macaques and human beings infected with SARS-CoV-2.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2023Trial
- Daily tenofovir disoproxil fumarate/emtricitabine and hydroxychloroquine for pre-exposure prophylaxis of COVID-19: a double-blind placebo-controlled randomized trial in healthcare workers.Clinical microbiology and infection : the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases · 2023Trial
- Lopinavir-ritonavir and hydroxychloroquine for critically ill patients with COVID-19: REMAP-CAP randomized controlled trial.Intensive care medicine · 2021Trial
- Evaluation of silver nanoparticles for the prevention of SARS-CoV-2 infection in health workers: In vitro and in vivo.PloS one · 2021Trial
- Hydroxychloroquine in Nonhospitalized Adults With Early COVID-19 : A Randomized Trial.Annals of internal medicine · 2020Trial
- How Can Pharmacology Help Us Overcome the Challenges of Drug Repositioning as Antivirals to Treat Emerging Pathogens? The Example of Covid-19.Clinical and translational science · 2026Review
- PrEPped for COVID? The association between HIV-PrEP use and COVID-19 among men and gender diverse people who have sex with men: findings from three large online surveys in the United Kingdom.BMC public health · 2026Article
- Article
- Tenofovir attenuates cytokine storm and bronchiolar damage in a mouse model of bleomycin-induced acute lung injury.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- EIDD-2801 resists to infection and co-infection of SARS-CoV-2 and influenza virus.Virology journal · 2025Article
- A genetically based computational drug repurposing framework for rapid identification of candidate compounds: application to COVID-19.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2025Article
- FDA-approved drug repurposing screen identifies inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus entry.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2025Article
- Plausible mechanism of drug resistance and side-effects of COVID-19 therapeutics: a bottleneck for its eradication.Daru : journal of Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences · 2024Review
- Pathogenesis and virulence of coronavirus disease: Comparative pathology of animal models for COVID-19.Virulence · 2024Review
- Perspectives on SARS-CoV-2 Cases in Zoological Institutions.Veterinary sciences · 2024Review
- Effectiveness of Drug Repurposing and Natural Products Against SARS-CoV-2: A Comprehensive Review.Clinical pharmacology : advances and applications · 2024Review
72 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
19 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Due to the urgent need of a therapeutic treatment for coronavirus (CoV) disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients, a number of FDA-approved/repurposed drugs have been suggested as antiviral candidates at clinics, without sufficient information. Furthermore, there have been extensive debates over antiviral candidates for their effectiveness and safety against severe acute respiratory syndrome CoV 2 (SARS-CoV-2), suggesting that rapid preclinical animal studies are required to identify potential antiviral candidates for human trials. To this end, the antiviral efficacies of lopinavir-ritonavir, hydroxychloroquine sulfate, and emtricitabine-tenofovir for SARS-CoV-2 infection were assessed in the ferret infection model. While the lopinavir-ritonavir-, hydroxychloroquine sulfate-, or emtricitabine-tenofovir-treated group exhibited lower overall clinical scores than the phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)-treated control group, the virus titers in nasal washes, stool specimens, and respiratory tissues were similar between all three antiviral-candidate-treated groups and the PBS-treated control group. Only the emtricitabine-tenofovir-treated group showed lower virus titers in nasal washes at 8 days postinfection (dpi) than the PBS-treated control group. To further explore the effect of immune suppression on viral infection and clinical outcome, ferrets were treated with azathioprine, an immunosuppressive drug. Compared to the PBS-treated control group, azathioprine-immunosuppressed ferrets exhibited a longer period of clinical illness, higher virus titers in nasal turbinate, delayed virus clearance, and significantly lower serum neutralization (SN) antibody titers. Taken together, all antiviral drugs tested marginally reduced the overall clinical scores of infected ferrets but did not significantly affect
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.