Observational studyPediatric research2021
Human milk immunomodulatory proteins are related to development of infant body composition during the first year of lactation.
Observational study in Pediatric research, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 29 citations in OpenAlex.
- Human Milk Bioactive Components and Child Growth and Body Composition in the First 2 Years: A Systematic Review.Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) · 2024Pooled it
- Human Milk Macronutrients and Child Growth and Body Composition in the First Two Years: A Systematic Review.Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) · 2024Pooled it
- Relationships between the Intakes of Human Milk Components and Body Composition of Breastfed Infants: A Systematic Review.Nutrients · 2023Pooled it
- Associations of human milk lactoferrin with measures of physical growth in very preterm infants.Journal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association · 2026Article
- Data-independent acquisition-based comparative analysis of whey proteomes in human colostrum, mature milk, and small ruminant milk for precision infant formula development.Food chemistry: X · 2025Article
- Ultrasound for assessing paediatric body composition and nutritional status: Scoping review and future directions.Acta paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992) · 2025Article
- Development of systemic and mucosal immune responses against gut microbiota in early life and implications for the onset of allergies.Frontiers in allergy · 2024Review
- Infant body composition: A comprehensive overview of assessment techniques, nutrition factors, and health outcomes.Nutrition in clinical practice : official publication of the American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition · 2023Review
- A health-promoting role of exclusive breastfeeding on infants through restoring delivery mode-induced gut microbiota perturbations.Frontiers in microbiology · 2023Article
- Human Milk Microbiome and Microbiome-Related Products: Potential Modulators of Infant Growth.Nutrients · 2022Review
- Human Milk Macronutrients and Bioactive Molecules and Development of Regional Fat Depots in Western Australian Infants during the First 12 Months of Lactation.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Lysozyme Gene Expression in 3T3-L1 Cells Sustains Expression of Adipogenic Genes and Adipocyte Differentiation.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2022Article
- Early Gut Microbiota Colonisation of Premature Infants Fed with Breastmilk or Formula with or without Probiotics: A Cohort Study.Nutrients · 2021Article
- Development of Visceral and Subcutaneous-Abdominal Adipose Tissue in Breastfed Infants during First Year of Lactation.Nutrients · 2021Article
- Review
- The need to study human milk as a biological system.The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2021Article
- Comparative Proteomics of Human Milk From Eight Cities in China During Six Months of Lactation in the Chinese Human Milk Project Study.Frontiers in nutrition · 2021Article
- Studies and Application of Sialylated Milk Components on Regulating Neonatal Gut Microbiota and Health.Frontiers in nutrition · 2021Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundTo investigate relationships between infant body composition (BC) and human milk (HM) immunomodulatory proteins (IMPs) during the first 12 months of lactation.
methodsBC of breastfeeding dyads (n = 20) was measured with ultrasound skinfolds (infants) and bioimpedance spectroscopy (infants/mothers) at 2, 5, 9, and/or 12 months post partum. Breastfeeding frequency, 24-h milk intake, and IMP concentrations (lactoferrin, lysozyme, secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA)) were measured, and calculated daily intakes (CDIs) were determined. We used linear regression/mixed-effects models and adjusted results for multiple comparisons.
resultsNo associations were seen between maternal characteristics and IMP concentrations/CDIs or between IMP concentrations and infant BC. Lactoferrin CDI was negatively associated with infant fat-free mass index (P = 0.002); lysozyme CDI was positively associated with infant fat mass (P = 0.004) and fat mass index (P = 0.004) measured with ultrasound skinfolds.
conclusionIn this small cohort of infants breastfed on demand during first year of life, we report differential associations of HM IMPs with infant BC, showing that in addition to their critical role in shaping infant immunity, lactoferrin, and lysozyme also influence development of infant BC, highlighting the importance of breastfeeding for 12 months and beyond. IMPACT: HM IMPs (concentrations and, most importantly, daily intakes) time-dependently and differentially associate with development of infant lean mass and adiposity during first 12 months of lactation. There is no information on how intakes and concentrations of these components affect development of infant BC. HM contains IMPs-lactoferrin, lysozyme, and sIgA, which not only play a critical role in shaping infant's immunity, but also influence infant growth and development of BC, highlighting the importance of breastfeeding for 12 months and beyond and warranting careful consideration of the dose effects of supplemented formula.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.