ArticlePediatric research2021
TLR4 regulates ROS and autophagy to control neutrophil extracellular traps formation against Streptococcus pneumoniae in acute otitis media.
Article in Pediatric research, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 34 citations in OpenAlex.
- Cell death crosstalk in NET-Driven inflammation: mechanisms, disease contexts, and therapeutic perspectives.Biomarker research · 2026Review
- Pattern recognition receptor signaling in otitis media: immune crosstalk and pathogenic mechanisms.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Toll Like Receptors Promote High Glucose-Induced Vascular Endothelial Cell Dysfunction by Regulating Neutrophil Extracellular Traps Formation.Inflammation · 2025Article
- Narrative Review of Free Radicals and Reactive Oxygen Species in Otitis Media.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Article
- Autophagy Genes and Otitis Media Outcomes.Clinics and practice · 2024Review
- Novel neutrophil extracellular trap-related mechanisms in diabetic wounds inspire a promising treatment strategy with hypoxia-challenged small extracellular vesicles.Bioactive materials · 2023Article
- Molecular Mimicry Mapping inPathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- The roles of autophagy and mitophagy in corneal pathology: current knowledge and future perspectives.Frontiers in medicine · 2023Review
- NLRP6 Serves as a Negative Regulator of Neutrophil Recruitment and Function DuringFrontiers in microbiology · 2022Article
- AOxidative medicine and cellular longevity · 2022Article
- Candida Administration Worsens Neutrophil Extracellular Traps in Renal Ischemia Reperfusion Injury Mice: An Impact of Gut Fungi on Acute Kidney Injury.Journal of innate immunity · 2022Article
- The Emerging Role of Neutrophils in the Pathogenesis of Thrombosis in COVID-19.International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Review
- Review
- Intestinal Macrophage Autophagy and its Pharmacological Application in Inflammatory Bowel Disease.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2021Review
- Acute Kidney Injury Induced Lupus Exacerbation Through the Enhanced Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (and Apoptosis) in Fcgr2b Deficient Lupus Mice With Renal Ischemia Reperfusion Injury.Frontiers in immunology · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundOtitis media (OM), a prevalent pediatric infectious disease, is mainly caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae (S.pn). Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), a novel antimicrobial strategy, were reported in 2004. We found that NETs formed in the middle ear with acute otitis media (AOM) induced by S.pn. However, the mechanisms of NETs formation are not entirely clear.
methodsWe stimulated neutrophils isolated from mouse bone marrow with S.pn clinical stain 19F in vitro, and established mouse model of AOM via transbullar injection with S.pn. NETs formation, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, autophagy activation and bacterial load were analyzed in TLR4
resultsWe found that autophagy and ROS were required for S.pn-induced NETs formation. Moreover, TLR4 partly mediated NETs formation in response to S.pn in vitro and in vivo during AOM. We also showed that attenuated NETs formation in TLR4
conclusionsTLR4 regulates ROS and autophagy to control NETs formation against S.pn in the course of AOM. IMPACT: S.pn can induce NETs formation in vitro and in vivo; TLR4 regulates NETs formation by ROS and autophagy; NETs contribute to the clearance of bacteria in acute otitis media. In this study, we firstly found that autophagy and ROS were required for S.pn-induced NETs formation in the model of acute otitis media (AOM). And to some extent, TLR4 mediated NETs formation during AOM. Our research might provide a potential strategy for the treatment of otitis media.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.