ArticleNature communications2020
Immunogenicity of a DNA vaccine candidate for COVID-19.
Open access · goldAbstract read
In one paragraph
Article in Nature communications, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 370 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
370citing papers in PubMed, 2 pooled it
14.5field-weighted citation impact, top 1% of its field
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
370 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 638 citations in OpenAlex.
- Vaccines for COVID-19: A Systematic Review of Immunogenicity, Current Development, and Future Prospects.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Pooled it
- Landscape of epitopes targeted by T cells in 852 individuals recovered from COVID-19: Meta-analysis, immunoprevalence, and web platform.Cell reports. Medicine · 2021Pooled it
- Immunogenicity and safety of a COVID-19 DNA vaccine in healthy adults and elderly: A randomized, observer-blind, placebo-controlled phase 2 trial.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2025Trial
- Immunogenicity and safety of a booster dose of the COVID-19 DNA vaccine in healthy adults aged 18 years and above: a single-center, randomized, observer-blind, placebo-controlled phase 2 trial.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Trial
- DNA prime and peptide boost immunization elicits robust neoantigen-specific CD8Oncoimmunology · 2026Article
- Rational design of a modular mRNA vaccine platform for rapid adaptation to SARS-CoV-2 variants.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Noninvasive Monitoring of Skin pH Changes Induced by Microneedle Electroporation.Sensors and actuators. B, Chemical · 2026Article
- Immune-focused RBD nanoparticles induce cross-reactive, RBS-directed responses capable of variant-resistant SARS-CoV-2 neutralization.PLoS pathogens · 2026Article
- Effect of PEI25k/DOTAP/cholesterol liposomal formulation on the immunogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein-encoding DNA vaccine.Biotechnologia · 2026Article
- Non-viral gene therapy for hemophilia A: long-term outcomes of minicircle FVIII delivery in a mouse model.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Article
- Screening for SARS-CoV-2 in different sheep and goat breeds in Türkiye using in-house ELISAs and real-time PCR.Tropical animal health and production · 2025Article
- Combined Adaptive Immune Mechanisms Mediate Cardiac Injury After COVID-19 Vaccination.Circulation · 2025Article
- Anti-CV2/CRMP5 autoantibodies as drivers of sensory neuron excitability and pain in rats.Nature communications · 2025Article
- DNA vaccine targeting betacoronavirus spike protein blocks neuroinvasion and neuroinflammation in swine via dual antiviral-immunomodulatory action.NPJ vaccines · 2025Article
- Immunogenicity of monovalent and multivalent subunit vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 variants in mice with divergent vaccination history.Microbiology spectrum · 2025Article
- Systemic and Mucosal Humoral Immune Responses to Lumazine Synthase 60-mer Nanoparticle SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines.Vaccines · 2025Article
- From genetic code to global health: the impact of nucleic acid vaccines on disease prevention and treatment.RSC medicinal chemistry · 2025Review
- Guinea Pigs Are Not a Suitable Model to Study Neurological Impacts of Ancestral SARS-CoV-2 Intranasal Infection.Viruses · 2025Article
- Advances in the Functionalization of Vaccine Delivery Systems: Innovative Strategies and Translational Perspectives.Pharmaceutics · 2025Review
- Dynamic Changes in Antibodies and Proteome in Breast Milk of Mothers Infected with Wild-Type SARS-CoV-2 and Omicron: A Longitudinal Study.Nutrients · 2025Article
310 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
59 authors at 5 institutions in 3 countries.
Trevor R F Smith *Inovio Pharmaceuticals, Plymouth Meeting, Philadelphia, PA, 19462, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0671-2565
Ami Patel *Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2104-9984
Stephanie Ramos *Inovio Pharmaceuticals, Plymouth Meeting, Philadelphia, PA, 19462, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5326-4937
Dustin ElwoodInovio Pharmaceuticals, Plymouth Meeting, Philadelphia, PA, 19462, USA.
Xizhou ZhuVaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3646-6668
Jian YanInovio Pharmaceuticals, Plymouth Meeting, Philadelphia, PA, 19462, USA.
Ebony N GaryVaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2928-1120
Susanne N WalkerVaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
Katherine SchultheisInovio Pharmaceuticals, Plymouth Meeting, Philadelphia, PA, 19462, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9232-1888
Mansi PurwarVaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
Ziyang XuVaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7690-7029
Jewell WaltersInovio Pharmaceuticals, Plymouth Meeting, Philadelphia, PA, 19462, USA.
Pratik BhojnagarwalaVaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
Maria YangInovio Pharmaceuticals, Plymouth Meeting, Philadelphia, PA, 19462, USA.
Neethu ChokkalingamVaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
Patrick PezzoliInovio Pharmaceuticals, Plymouth Meeting, Philadelphia, PA, 19462, USA.
Elizabeth ParzychVaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
Emma L ReuschelVaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4627-1354
Arthur DoanInovio Pharmaceuticals, Plymouth Meeting, Philadelphia, PA, 19462, USA.
Nicholas TursiVaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6752-3402
Miguel VasquezInovio Pharmaceuticals, Plymouth Meeting, Philadelphia, PA, 19462, USA.
Jihae ChoiVaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
Edgar Tello-RuizVaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
Igor MaricicInovio Pharmaceuticals, Plymouth Meeting, Philadelphia, PA, 19462, USA.
Mamadou A BahVaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
Yuanhan WuVaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4706-439X
Dinah AmanteInovio Pharmaceuticals, Plymouth Meeting, Philadelphia, PA, 19462, USA.
Daniel H ParkVaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
Yaya DiaVaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
Ali Raza AliVaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
Faraz I ZaidiVaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
Alison GenerottiInovio Pharmaceuticals, Plymouth Meeting, Philadelphia, PA, 19462, USA.
Kevin Y KimVaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
Timothy A HerringInovio Pharmaceuticals, Plymouth Meeting, Philadelphia, PA, 19462, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3475-8616
Sophia ReederVaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
Viviane M AndradeInovio Pharmaceuticals, Plymouth Meeting, Philadelphia, PA, 19462, USA.
Karen ButtigiegNational Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Wiltshire, UK.
Gan ZhaoAdvaccine (Suzhou) Biopharmaceuticals Co., Ltd, Suzhou, China.
Jiun-Ming WuAdvaccine (Suzhou) Biopharmaceuticals Co., Ltd, Suzhou, China.
Dan LiKey Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOH and MOE and Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
Linlin BaoKey Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOH and MOE and Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
Jiangning LiuKey Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOH and MOE and Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
Wei DengKey Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOH and MOE and Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
Chuan QinKey Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOH and MOE and Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6261-1232
Ami Shah BrownInovio Pharmaceuticals, Plymouth Meeting, Philadelphia, PA, 19462, USA.
Makan KhoshnejadVaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
Nianshuang WangDepartment of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA.
Jacqueline ChuVaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
Daniel WrappDepartment of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA.
Jason S McLellanDepartment of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3991-542X
Kar MuthumaniVaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6807-2065
Bin WangKey Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOH and MOE and Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
Miles W CarrollNational Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Wiltshire, UK.
J Joseph KimInovio Pharmaceuticals, Plymouth Meeting, Philadelphia, PA, 19462, USA.
Jean BoyerInovio Pharmaceuticals, Plymouth Meeting, Philadelphia, PA, 19462, USA.
Daniel W KulpVaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0527-3804
Laurent M P F HumeauInovio Pharmaceuticals, Plymouth Meeting, Philadelphia, PA, 19462, USA.
David B WeinerVaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
Kate E BroderickInovio Pharmaceuticals, Plymouth Meeting, Philadelphia, PA, 19462, USA. kate.broderick@inovio.com.
The Wistar Institute · USInovio Pharmaceuticals (United States) · USFudan University · CNThe University of Texas at Austin · USPublic Health England · GB
Funding
TRAINING PROGRAM IN BASIC CANCER RESEARCHT32CA009171 · NCI · WISTAR INSTITUTE · PI Alessandro Gardini · 1985 to 2026
$15.3MStructure, Function and Antigenicity of Coronavirus Spike ProteinsR01AI127521 · NIAID · UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN · PI MCLELLAN, JASON SCOTT, WARD, ANDREW BARRETT · 2017 to 2021
$3.1MNCI NIH HHS T32 CA009171NIAID NIH HHS R01 AI127521
Abstract
The coronavirus family member, SARS-CoV-2 has been identified as the causal agent for the pandemic viral pneumonia disease, COVID-19. At this time, no vaccine is available to control further dissemination of the disease. We have previously engineered a synthetic DNA vaccine targeting the MERS coronavirus Spike (S) protein, the major surface antigen of coronaviruses, which is currently in clinical study. Here we build on this prior experience to generate a synthetic DNA-based vaccine candidate targeting SARS-CoV-2 S protein. The engineered construct, INO-4800, results in robust expression of the S protein in vitro. Following immunization of mice and guinea pigs with INO-4800 we measure antigen-specific T cell responses, functional antibodies which neutralize the SARS-CoV-2 infection and block Spike protein binding to the ACE2 receptor, and biodistribution of SARS-CoV-2 targeting antibodies to the lungs. This preliminary dataset identifies INO-4800 as a potential COVID-19 vaccine candidate, supporting further translational study.
Indexed as
Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2AnimalsAntibodies, NeutralizingAntigens, ViralCoronavirus InfectionsCOVID-19 VaccinesEpitope MappingGuinea PigsImmunity, HumoralImmunoglobulin GLungMiceMice, Inbred BALB CMiddle East Respiratory Syndrome CoronavirusModels, AnimalPeptidyl-Dipeptidase AAce2 protein, mouseAngiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2Antibodies, NeutralizingAntigens, ViralCOVID-19 VaccinesImmunoglobulin GPeptidyl-Dipeptidase ASpike Glycoprotein, Coronavirusspike protein, SARS-CoV-2Vaccines, DNAViral Vaccines
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