Different Potent Glucocorticoids, Different Routes of Exposure but the Same Result: Iatrogenic Cushing’s Syndrome and Adrenal Insufficiency

Objective: Potent glucocorticoids (GC) cause iatrogenic Cushing’s syndrome (ICS) due to suppression of hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and may progress to adrenal insufficiency (AI). The aim was to review the clinical and laboratory findings of patients with ICS and to investigate other serious side effects. Methods: The possibility of AI was investigated by low-dose adrenocorticotrophic hormone test. Hydrocortisone was started in patients with adrenal failure. Results: Fourteen patients (five boys) with ages ranging from 0.19 to 11.89 years were included. The duration of GC exposure ranged from 1 to 72 months. Ten patients were prescribed topical GC and the rest had oral exposure. Moon face and abdominal obesity were detected in all patients. At presentation, 12 of 14 had AI and two infants had hypercalcemia and nephrocalcinosis. Of 11 patients, ultrasonography revealed hepatosteatosis in five. A cream for diaper dermatitis was used in one infant and the active ingredient was listed as panthenol. However, blood and urine steroid analyses revealed that all endogenous steroids were suppressed. Median (range) time to normalization of HPA axis function was 60 (30-780) days. Conclusion: The majority (85%) of patients had life-threatening AI and two patients had hypercalcemia. These results highlight the serious side-effects of inappropriate use of potent GCs, especially in infants. The recovery of the HPA axis in children might take as long as three years. Parents should be informed regarding the possibility of some products containing unlisted synthetic GC and to be aware of their side effects.