ArticleParasites & vectors2020
Toxoplasma gondii in the Eurasian kestrel (Falco tinnunculus) in northern Italy.
Article in Parasites & vectors, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers.
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Who cites it
9 citing papers in PubMed, 20 citations in OpenAlex.
- Exposure of Eurasian blackbird (International journal for parasitology. Parasites and wildlife · 2025Article
- Role of wild birds in the circulation ofFrontiers in veterinary science · 2025Article
- UnderstandingFrontiers in veterinary science · 2025Article
- Prevalence and genetic characterization ofJournal of parasitic diseases : official organ of the Indian Society for Parasitology · 2023Article
- The Dangerous Side of Being a Predator:Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Prevalence of Antibodies toPathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Article
- Molecular Survey onMicroorganisms · 2021Article
- Epidemiologic significance ofParasitology · 2021Review
- A decreasing trend inExperimental and therapeutic medicine · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundIdentifying factors that sustain parasite transmission is important for understanding their spread and emergence, including how changes in biodiversity may affect parasite prevalence and spread. Toxoplasma gondii is a protozoan parasite infecting humans and animals. Birds can acquire T. gondii infection through ingestion either of oocysts from the ground or of tissue cysts present in infected prey and are therefore suitable indicators of the presence of T. gondii in the natural environment.
methodsThe aim of the study included the evaluation of T. gondii seroprevalence in clinically healthy Eurasian kestrels (Falco tinnunculus) using a modified agglutination test. Birds were captured in a small area of Parma (northern Italy) for two consecutive years (2016-2017), sex and age determined and serological study carried out. Food sources for the birds were also evaluated, in particular rodent and grasshopper population estimates in the study area. The biomass of rodents and grasshoppers per hectare was estimated in order to directly compare food availability. Statistical analyses were performed in order to evaluate factors influencing the probability of kestrels being T. gondii-seropositive using R 3.4.4 fitting linear mixed-effect models with the 'glmer' function of the package lme4, 'lsmean' in package lsmean for pair-wise post-hoc comparisons using differences of least square means (DLSM) and the 'betareg' function of the package betareg for beta regression.
resultsSeroprevalence for T. gondii was 33.3% (49/147) in 2016, while in 2017 seroprevalence decreased to 14.3% (13/91). An increase in the probability of kestrels being T. gondii-seropositive was associated with a higher rodent biomass in the environment, suggesting a positive feedback of the biotic factors driving infection risk.
conclusionsThese results underline the need for multidisciplinary studies aimed at better understanding pathogen-host relationships and for predictions in disease ecology.
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