ArticleBMC oral health2020
Gingival bleeding and calculus among 12-year-old Chinese adolescents: a multilevel analysis.
Article in BMC oral health, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 31 citations in OpenAlex.
- Free Sugar Intake and Periodontal Diseases: A Systematic Review.Nutrients · 2022Pooled it
- Effects of a 4-week free-sugar avoidance during periodontal therapy: An explorative randomized controlled clinical trial.Journal of periodontology · 2025Trial
- Adolescent and young adult periodontitis: modifiable inflammatory pathways and risk stratification.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Review
- The role of social cohesion in gingival bleeding levels among adolescents: a cross-sectional study.Brazilian oral research · 2026Article
- Predicting plaque-gingivitis risk in schoolchildren using an interpretable machine learning model: a cross-sectional study.BMC oral health · 2025Article
- Prevalence and socio-behavioural determinants of periodontal disease among adolescents in the northern West bank: a cross-sectional study.BMC oral health · 2025Article
- Oro-Dental Characteristics Associated with Pediatric Dental Neglect: A Retrospective Study.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Periodontal health status and influencing factors among 12- and 15-year-old adolescents: evidence from a cross-sectional study in Guizhou province, China (2019-2020).BMC oral health · 2025Article
- Dental caries, gingivitis and oral health-related quality of life in 12-year-old children.BMC oral health · 2025Article
- Gingivitis and Its Causes in Children Aged 3-7 Years.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Periodontal conditions and salivary microbiota are potential indicators to distinguish silicosis: an exploratory study.BMC microbiology · 2024Article
- Article
- The Relationship between Dietary Habits and Periodontal Pathogens in a Sample of Romanian Children and Adolescents: A Cross-Sectional Study.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Prevalence, Severity of Extension, and Risk Factors of Gingivitis in a 3-Month Pregnant Population: A Multicenter Cross-Sectional Study.Journal of clinical medicine · 2023Article
- Impact of gingivitis on oral health-related quality of life in 12-year-old schoolchildren of Quito, Ecuador.European archives of paediatric dentistry : official journal of the European Academy of Paediatric Dentistry · 2023Article
- The prevalence of gingivitis and related risk factors in schoolchildren aged 6-12 years old.BMC oral health · 2022Article
- The Effect of Changing the Toothbrush on the Marginal Gingiva Microcirculation in the Adolescent Population-A Laser Doppler Flowmetry Assessment.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Socio-demographic factors, dental status, oral health knowledge and attitude, and health-related behaviors in dental visits among 12-year-old Shenzhen adolescents: a multilevel analysis.BMC oral health · 2022Article
- The correlation of altitude with gingival status among adolescents in western China: a cross-sectional study.Environmental geochemistry and health · 2021Article
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10 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundGingivitis is a common oral health problem, and untreated gingivitis can progress to periodontitis. The objectives of this study were to (1) explore associated factors of gingival bleeding and calculus among 12-year-old adolescents; (2) find predictive models for gingivitis management.
methodsFour thousand five hundred twenty-five subjects aged 12 in Sichuan Province were investigated. The questionnaire and clinical examination were applied in schools, and two-level logistic regression models were constructed to interpret the effect of individual and contextual factors on Chinese adolescents' gingival bleeding and calculus.
results46.63% (95%CI: 40.71, 51.60) and 66.94% (95%CI: 56.85, 67.45) of the subjects presented gingival bleeding and calculus, respectively. For the gingival bleeding cases, the model showed the significant associated indicators were hukou (OR = 0.61, 95% CI: 0.52-0.72), family size (OR = 1.41, 95% CI: 1.19-1.68), parental educational level (father: OR = 0.53, 95% CI: 0.45-0.63; mother: OR = 0.71, 95% CI: 0.59-0.86), tooth-brushing frequency (OR = 0.35, 95% CI: 0.26-0.48), dental floss use (OR = 0.58, 95% CI: 0.41-0.83), sugar-containing drink consumption (OR = 2.11, 95% CI: 1.80-2.49), and dental visit (OR = 1.44, 95% CI: 1.19-1.74). It also confirmed that gender (OR = 1.32, 95% CI: 1.13-1.54), hukou (OR = 0.69, 95% CI: 0.59-0.82), family size (OR = 1.34, 95% CI: 1.12-1.59), parental educational level (father: OR = 0.46, 95% CI: 0.39-0.54; mother: OR = 0.65, 95% CI: 0.59-0.82), tooth-brushing frequency (OR = 0.57, 95% CI: 0.42-0.78), dental floss use (OR = 0.66, 95% CI: 0.48-0.90) and sugar-containing drink consumption (OR = 1.30, 95% CI: 1.11-1.53) were associated factors for dental calculus.
conclusionsGingival bleeding and calculus were common in western Chinese adolescents. Socio-demographic factors including gender, hukou and family factors are strong determinants of gingival health in Chinese adolescents. In addition, health-related lifestyle behaviors such as healthy diet, good hygiene care and more dental visits are good predictors of better gingival status.
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