ArticleThe Journal of infectious diseases2020
Sensitivity in Detection of Antibodies to Nucleocapsid and Spike Proteins of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 in Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019.
Article in The Journal of infectious diseases, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT04582903 (Send-In Sample Collection for Comprehensive Analyses of Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses During Acute Infections With, and Convalescence From, Emerging or Re-emerging Respiratory Viruses), which is not on this map. Cited by 257 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Send-In Sample Collection for Comprehensive Analyses of Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses During Acute Infections With, and Convalescence From, Emerging or Re-emerging Respiratory Viruses
Who cites it
257 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 406 citations in OpenAlex.
- An Indirect Comparison of Diagnostic Accuracy for Seven Different SARS-CoV-2 Serological Assays: A Meta-Analysis and Adjusted Indirect Comparison of Diagnostic Test Accuracy.Influenza and other respiratory viruses · 2025Pooled it
- Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies among healthy blood donors: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC public health · 2024Pooled it
- Fractional BNT162b2 boosters induce durable immune responses after non-mRNA priming in Mongolia: a randomised controlled trial.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Trial
- SARS-CoV-2 Immune Complex-Mediated Neutrophil Activation.Open forum infectious diseases · 2025Trial
- COVID-19 antibody screening with SARS-CoV-2 red cell kodecytes using routine serologic diagnostic platforms.Transfusion · 2021Trial
- Rational design and high-yield expression of SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid antigen for a sensitive and specific in-house ELISA.BMC biotechnology · 2026Article
- The relationship between psychological stress and SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid-antibody response following natural infection: longitudinal findings from the Aegis study.American journal of epidemiology · 2026Article
- Measuring Humoral Immune Responses to SARS-CoV-2: A Comprehensive Review of Serological Assays.Vaccines · 2026Review
- SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein-specific monoclonal antibodies as tools for studying its antigenic structure and interaction with host cells.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Myositis-specific autoantibodies recognising Mi2 also target the AIRE protein at a shared PHD zinc finger.Annals of the rheumatic diseases · 2026Article
- Anti-Mi2 autoantibodies target PHD fingers of SP140L and TIF1γ, while anti-TIF1γ autoantibodies primarily bind TIF1γ outside the PHD region.Rheumatology (Oxford, England) · 2025Article
- Vaccine-induced immunity is maintained in glioma patients relative to other solid tumours.Journal of neuro-oncology · 2025Article
- Structural basis of a human antibody targeting SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein dimerization domain and interfering with RNA-binding.Communications biology · 2025Article
- Differentiating Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Antibody Responses Between Infection and Vaccination: Challenges for Epidemiological Research.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Endemic coronavirus infection is associated with SARS-CoV-2 Fc receptor-binding antibodies.Journal of virology · 2025Article
- Identification of undetected SARS-CoV-2 infections by clustering of Nucleocapsid antibody trajectories.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Intranasal AAV Vaccination of SARS-CoV-2 Induce Strong and Sustained Neutralizing Antibodies in Mice.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Anti-Mi2 autoantibodies target the PHD fingers of SP140L and TIF1γ, while anti-TIF1γ autoantibodies primarily recognize epitopes outside the PHD region of TIF1γ.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2025Article
- Humoral and Cellular Immunity After Vaccination Against SARS-CoV-2 in Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis Patients Treated with Interferon Beta and Dimethyl Fumarate.Biomedicines · 2025Article
- Performance of protein N linear epitopes in serodiagnosis of COVID-19 infection.BioImpacts : BI · 2025Article
197 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
- Update of
Authors and funding
10 authors at 7 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundSevere acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the cause of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), is associated with respiratory-related disease and death. Assays to detect virus-specific antibodies are important to understand the prevalence of infection and the course of the immune response.
methodsQuantitative measurements of plasma or serum antibodies to the nucleocapsid and spike proteins were analyzed using luciferase immunoprecipitation system assays in 100 cross-sectional or longitudinal samples from patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection. A subset of samples was tested both with and without heat inactivation.
resultsAt >14 days after symptom onset, antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein showed 100% sensitivity and 100% specificity, whereas antibodies to spike protein were detected with 91% sensitivity and 100% specificity. Neither antibody levels nor the rate of seropositivity were significantly reduced by heat inactivation of samples. Analysis of daily samples from 6 patients with COVID-19 showed anti-nucleocapsid and spike protein antibodies appearing between days 8 and 14 after initial symptoms. Immunocompromised patients generally had a delayed antibody response to SARS-CoV-2, compared with immunocompetent patients.
conclusionsAntibody to the nucleocapsid protein of SARS-CoV-2 is more sensitive than spike protein antibody for detecting early infection. Analyzing heat-inactivated samples with a luciferase immunoprecipitation system assay is a safe and sensitive method for detecting SARS-CoV-2 antibodies.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.