ReviewInternational journal of nanomedicine2020
Isolation and Functions of Extracellular Vesicles Derived from Parasites: The Promise of a New Era in Immunotherapy, Vaccination, and Diagnosis.
Review in International journal of nanomedicine, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed, 43 citations in OpenAlex.
- Unraveling the Potential ofPharmaceutics · 2026Article
- Parasitic Infections and Carcinogenesis: Molecular Mechanisms, Immune Modulation, and Emerging Therapeutic Strategies.Oncology research · 2026Review
- The increased Bax/Bcl-2 ratio and induced apoptosis in human macrophages treated by Echinococcus granulosus hydatid cyst fluid extracellular vesicles.BMC research notes · 2025Article
- Extracellular vesicles in intestinal protozoa: hidden mediators of host-parasite communication.Gut pathogens · 2025Review
- Trypanosomatid Extracellular Vesicles as Potential Immunogens for Chagas Disease.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Exploring the exoproteome of the parasitic nematodeFrontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- The pathogenic responses elicited during exposure of human intestinal cell line with Giardia duodenalis excretory-secretory products and the potential attributed endocytosis mechanism.Medical microbiology and immunology · 2024Article
- Bovine PMN responses to extracellular vesicles released byFrontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- Guidelines for the purification and characterization of extracellular vesicles of parasites.Journal of extracellular biology · 2023Article
- Characterisation of extracellular vesicles isolated from hydatid cyst fluid and evaluation of immunomodulatory effects on human monocytes.Journal of cellular and molecular medicine · 2023Article
- Article
- COVID-19 and Diarylamidines: The Parasitic Connection.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Lipidome of extracellular vesicles from Giardia lamblia.PloS one · 2023Article
- Milk-derived small extracellular vesicles: nanomaterials to promote bone formation.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2022Article
- Article
- Extracellular vesicles derived fromFrontiers in immunology · 2022Article
- Extracellular Vesicles inJournal of immunology research · 2022Review
- Review
- Long-TermJournal of immunology research · 2021Article
- Viruses of protozoan parasites and viral therapy: Is the time now right?Virology journal · 2020Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Experimental and epidemiological evidence shows that parasites, particularly helminths, play a central role in balancing the host immunity. It was demonstrated that parasites can modulate immune responses via their excretory/secretory (ES) and some specific proteins. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nano-scale particles that are released from eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. EVs in parasitological studies have been mostly employed for immunotherapy of autoimmune diseases, vaccination, and diagnosis. EVs can carry virulence factors and play a central role in the development of parasites in host cells. These molecules can manipulate the immune responses through transcriptional changes. Moreover, EVs derived from helminths modulate the immune system via provoking anti-inflammatory cytokines. On the other hand, EVs from parasite protozoa can induce efficient immunity, that makes them useful for probable next-generation vaccines. In addition, it seems that EVs from parasites may provide new diagnostic approaches for parasitic infections. In the current study, we reviewed isolation methods, functions, and applications of parasite's EVs in immunotherapy, vaccination, and diagnosis.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.