ArticleHuman reproduction (Oxford, England)2020
Confounding and effect measure modification in reproductive medicine research.
Article in Human reproduction (Oxford, England), 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT06970886 (Effects of Rhythm-Based Music on Anxiety, Glucose, and Cortisol in Pregnancies With Gestational Diabetes), which is not on this map. Cited by 26 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Effects of Rhythm-Based Music on Anxiety, Glucose, and Cortisol in Pregnancies With Gestational Diabetes
Who cites it
26 citing papers in PubMed.
- Endometriosis and hypertriglyceridemia: Why do we care about severity and typology?The Utah women's health review · 2025Article
- Infertility and Risk of Ovarian Cancer in the Women's Health Initiative.Cancer causes & control : CCC · 2025Article
- Use machine learning to predict treatment outcome of early childhood caries.BMC oral health · 2025Article
- Infertility and risk of postmenopausal breast cancer in the women's health initiative.Breast cancer research and treatment · 2024Article
- Can serum progesterone concentration direct a fresh or freeze-all transfer strategy in the first in vitro fertilisation cycle?Journal of assisted reproduction and genetics · 2024Article
- Laparoscopically confirmed endometriosis and anti-Müllerian hormone levels: Findings from the Nurses' Health Study II.Maturitas · 2024Article
- Global endometrial DNA methylation analysis reveals insights into mQTL regulation and associated endometriosis disease risk and endometrial function.Communications biology · 2023Article
- Hysterectomy With and Without Oophorectomy, Tubal Ligation, and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease in the Nurses' Health Study II.Journal of women's health (2002) · 2023Article
- High anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) is associated with increased risks of ectopic pregnancy in women undergoing fresh embryo transfer cycle, a cohort study.Reproductive biology and endocrinology : RB&E · 2023Article
- Pregnancy outcomes after oral and injectable ovulation induction in women with infertility with a low antimüllerian hormone level compared with those with a normal antimüllerian hormone level.Fertility and sterility · 2022Article
- Polycystic ovary syndrome and risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes: a registry linkage study from Massachusetts.Human reproduction (Oxford, England) · 2022Observational
- Anti-Müllerian hormone in guiding the selection of a freeze-all versus a fresh embryo transfer strategy: a cohort study.Journal of assisted reproduction and genetics · 2022Article
- Laparoscopically Confirmed Endometriosis and Risk of Incident Stroke: A Prospective Cohort Study.Stroke · 2022Article
- Glycemic Index, Glycemic Load, Fiber, and Gluten Intake and Risk of Laparoscopically Confirmed Endometriosis in Premenopausal Women.The Journal of nutrition · 2022Article
- Association between serum estradiol level on day of progesterone start and outcomes from frozen blastocyst transfer cycles utilizing oral estradiol.Journal of assisted reproduction and genetics · 2022Article
- Pregnancy outcomes among women with endometriosis and fibroids: registry linkage study in Massachusetts.American journal of obstetrics and gynecology · 2022Article
- Endometriosis, Psoriasis, and Psoriatic Arthritis: A Prospective Cohort Study.American journal of epidemiology · 2022Article
- Hospitalizations up to 8 years following delivery in assisted reproductive technology-treated and subfertile women.Fertility and sterility · 2022Article
- Association Between Laparoscopically Confirmed Endometriosis and Risk of Early Natural Menopause.JAMA network open · 2022Article
- Association Between the Ratio of Ovarian Stimulation Duration to Original Follicular Phase Length andFrontiers in endocrinology · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
Abstract
The majority of research within reproductive and gynecologic health, or investigating ART, is observational in design. One of the most critical challenges for observational studies is confounding, while one of the most important for discovery and inference is effect modification. In this commentary, we explain what confounding and effect modification are and why they matter. We present examples illustrating how failing to adjust for a confounder leads to invalid conclusions, as well as examples where adjusting for a factor that is not a confounder also leads to invalid or imprecise conclusions. Careful consideration of which factors may act as confounders or modifiers of the association of interest is critical to conducting sound research, particularly with complex observational studies in reproductive medicine.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.