ArticleAnnals of epidemiology2020
Assessing differential impacts of COVID-19 on black communities.
Article in Annals of epidemiology, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 2 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 635 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
A Multicenter, Adaptive, Randomized Controlled Platform Trial of the Safety and Efficacy of Antithrombotic and Additional Strategies in Hospitalized Adults With COVID-19
Understanding Factors Influencing COVID-19 Testing and Vaccination in Immigrant, Low-income and Unhoused Populations, and Testing Targeted Interventions [3U54GM115516=04S2 RADx-UP]
Who cites it
635 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Urban and Rural Disparities in COVID-19 Outcomes in the United States: A Systematic Review.Medical care research and review : MCRR · 2025Pooled it
- Do COVID-19 Infectious Disease Models Incorporate the Social Determinants of Health? A Systematic Review.Public health reviews · 2024Pooled it
- Facilitators of and Barriers to Accessing Hospital Medical Specialty Telemedicine Consultations During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Systematic Review.Journal of medical Internet research · 2023Pooled it
- Improving COVID-19 Vaccine Uptake among Black Populations: A Systematic Review of Strategies.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Pooled it
- Population-Based Digital Health Interventions to Deliver at-Home COVID-19 Testing: SCALE-UP II Randomized Clinical Trial.Journal of medical Internet research · 2025Trial
- Increasing COVID-19 Testing and Vaccination Uptake in the Take Care Texas Community-Based Randomized Trial: Adaptive Geospatial Analysis.JMIR formative research · 2025Trial
- Testing a brief, self-guided values affirmation for behavioral activation intervention during COVID-19.Cognitive behaviour therapy · 2024Trial
- Changes in caregiver mental health and pediatric asthma control during COVID-19.The Journal of asthma : official journal of the Association for the Care of Asthma · 2023Trial
- Community Experience of COVID-19 Hospitalizations.Cureus · 2026Article
- Structural Inequalities in Ambulatory Care: A Scoping Review of Access and Quality and the Neglected Dimension of Patient Safety.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2026Article
- COVID-19 Impact on Health Behaviors and Survey Engagement in Older African Americans: Longitudinal Cohort Study.JMIR formative research · 2026Observational
- Implementing a Covid-19 Testing Intervention in African American Testing Deserts in Chicago: an Academic-Community Partnership to Promote Covid-19 Health Equity.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2026Article
- Pandemic-Related Black Family Well-Being Across North Carolina County Tiers: An Exploratory Cross-Sectional Study.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2026Article
- "I Know They're Going to Weaponize This:" Black and Latino Sexual Minority Men's Mpox-Related Sexual Behaviors, Stigma Concerns, and Vaccination Barriers and Facilitators.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2026Article
- A review on mental health challenges and interventions in the context of pandemics, terrorism, war and armed conflicts.Discover mental health · 2026Review
- "I will breastfeed until the pandemic has ceased to protect her at all costs": a qualitative analysis of black breastfeeding mothers during the COVID-19 pandemic.International breastfeeding journal · 2026Article
- COVID-19 testing and mental health service utilization in Ontario: a population-based cohort study.International journal of public health · 2026Article
- A cross-sectional analysis of county-level determinants of pandemic-era policy implementation.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- Social vulnerability and spatial patterns of COVID-19 mortality: Global implications for respiratory health equity.PloS one · 2026Article
- A narrative review of heterogeneity in SARS-CoV-2 infection outcomes and vaccine efficacy: strategizing pandemic preparedness in Africa.Frontiers in public health · 2026Review
575 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
12 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Purpose: Given incomplete data reporting by race, we used data on COVID-19 cases and deaths in U.S. counties to describe racial disparities in COVID-19 disease and death and associated determinants. Methods: Using publicly available data (accessed April 13, 2020), predictors of COVID-19 cases and deaths were compared between disproportionately (≥13%) black and all other (<13% black) counties. Rate ratios were calculated, and population attributable fractions were estimated using COVID-19 cases and deaths via zero-inflated negative binomial regression model. National maps with county-level data and an interactive scatterplot of COVID-19 cases were generated. Results: Nearly 90% of disproportionately black counties (656/677) reported a case and 49% (330/677) reported a death versus 81% (1987/2465) and 28% (684/2465), respectively, for all other counties. Counties with higher proportions of black people have higher prevalence of comorbidities and greater air pollution. Counties with higher proportions of black residents had more COVID-19 diagnoses (Rate Ratio (RR): 1.24, 95% confidence interval: 1.17-1.33) and deaths (RR: 1.18, 95% confidence interval: 1.00-1.40), after adjusting for county-level characteristics such as age, poverty, comorbidities, and epidemic duration. COVID-19 deaths were higher in disproportionally black rural and small metro counties. The population attributable fraction of COVID-19 diagnosis due to lack of health insurance was 3.3% for counties with less than 13% black residents and 4.2% for counties with greater than or equal to 13% black residents. Conclusions: Nearly 20% of U.S. counties are disproportionately black, and they accounted for 52% of COVID-19 diagnoses and 58% of COVID-19 deaths nationally. County-level comparisons can both inform COVID-19 responses and identify epidemic hot spots. Social conditions, structural racism, and other factors elevate risk for COVID-19 diagnoses and deaths in black communities.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.