Trial reportBMJ open2020
Broader impacts of an intervention to transform school environments on student behaviour and school functioning: post hoc analyses from the INCLUSIVE cluster randomised controlled trial.
Trial report in BMJ open, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers, 6 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed, 6 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 26 citations in OpenAlex.
- Addressing Bullying and Cyberbullying in Public Health: A Systematic Review of Interventions for Healthcare and Public Health Professionals.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2025Pooled it
- Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of the Effectiveness of Whole-school Interventions Promoting Mental Health and Preventing Risk Behaviours in Adolescence.Journal of youth and adolescence · 2025Pooled it
- A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of School-Based Preventive Interventions Targeting E-Cigarette Use Among Adolescents.Prevention science : the official journal of the Society for Prevention Research · 2024Pooled it
- Interventions to prevent or cease electronic cigarette use in children and adolescents.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2023Pooled it
- Characteristics and effectiveness of interventions to reduce cyberbullying: a systematic review.Frontiers in public health · 2023Pooled it
- Family and Educational Strategies for Cyberbullying Prevention: A Systematic Review.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Pooled it
- Effects of a Whole-School Health Intervention on Clustered Adolescent Health Risks: Latent Transition Analysis of Data from the INCLUSIVE Trial.Prevention science : the official journal of the Society for Prevention Research · 2022Trial
- Study protocol for the Breathe Easy All Together e-cigarette prevention program: a RE-AIM framework-based experimental process and impact evaluation.BMC public health · 2026Article
- Annual Research Review: Improving school climate to improve child and adolescent mental health and reduce inequalities.Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines · 2026Review
- Co-design of the 'OurFutures Vaping' programme: a school-based eHealth intervention to prevent e-cigarette use.Health promotion international · 2025Article
- Evidence and Gap Map of Whole-School Interventions Promoting Mental Health and Preventing Risk Behaviours in Adolescence: Programme Component Mapping Within the Health-Promoting Schools Framework: An evidence and gap map.Campbell systematic reviews · 2025Article
- A Scoping Review of Anti-Bullying Interventions: Reducing Traumatic Effect of Bullying Among Adolescents.Journal of multidisciplinary healthcare · 2024Article
- The Long-Term Efficacy and Sustainability of the Tabby Improved Prevention and Intervention Program in Reducing Cyberbullying and Cybervictimization.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2023Article
- School-Based Nursing Interventions for Preventing Bullying and Reducing Its Incidence on Students: A Scoping Review.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundWe have previously reported benefits for reduced bullying, smoking, alcohol and other drug use and mental health from a trial of 'Learning Together', an intervention that aimed to modify school environments and implement restorative practice and a social and emotional skill curriculum.
objectivesTo conduct post hoc theory-driven analyses of broader impacts.
designCluster randomised trial. SETTINGS: 40 state secondary schools in southern England.
participantsStudents aged 11/12 years at baseline. OUTCOMES: Student self-reported measures at 24 and 36 months of: cyberbullying victimisation and perpetration; observations of other students perpetrating aggressive behaviours at school; own perpetration of aggressive behaviours in and outside school; perceived lack of safety at school; participation in school disciplinary procedures; truancy and e-cigarette use.
resultsWe found evidence of multiple impacts on other health (reduced e-cigarette use, cyberbullying perpetration, perpetration of aggressive behaviours) and educational (reduced participation in school disciplinary procedures and truancy) outcomes.
conclusionThese analyses suggested that the intervention was effective in bringing about a broader range of beneficial outcomes, adding to the evidence that the intervention is a promising approach to promote adolescent health via an intervention that is attractive to schools. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: ISRCTN10751359.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.