ArticleClinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America2021
Toxoplasmosis Outbreak Associated With Toxoplasma gondii-Contaminated Venison-High Attack Rate, Unusual Clinical Presentation, and Atypical Genotype.
Article in Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 25 papers.
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Who cites it
25 citing papers in PubMed.
- From conventional to biosensor-based detection ofFood and waterborne parasitology · 2026Review
- Population genetic structure of zoonoticScience in One Health · 2026Article
- Article
- Social context influences Toxoplasma gondii and Trichinella spp. infection in Alberta free-roaming wild pigs (Sus scrofa).PloS one · 2025Article
- Toxoplasma gondii from Gabonese forest, Central Africa: First report of an African wild strain.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2025Article
- Article
- Early immune response toFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2024Article
- High prevalence and diversity of Toxoplasma gondii DNA in feral cat feces from coastal California.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2023Article
- Isolation and Characterization of a ViablePathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Zinc oxide nanoparticles produced by Zingiber officinale ameliorates acute toxoplasmosis-induced pathological and biochemical alterations and reduced parasite burden in mice model.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2023Article
- Quantitative Risk Assessment of Oocyst Versus Bradyzoite Foodborne Transmission ofPathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Serological Prevalence ofAnimals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2023Article
- Clinical Spectrum, Radiological Findings, and Outcomes of Severe Toxoplasmosis in Immunocompetent Hosts: A Systematic Review.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Primary ocular toxoplasmosis secondary to venison consumption.American journal of ophthalmology case reports · 2023Article
- A unique Toxoplasma gondii haplotype accompanied the global expansion of cats.Nature communications · 2022Article
- Public Health Surveillance and Reporting for Human Toxoplasmosis - Six States, 2021.MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report · 2022Article
- Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Adults and Severe Toxoplasmosis: Similar Clinical Presentations, Potentially Severe Outcomes.Open forum infectious diseases · 2022Article
- The Association ofInternational journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- A Review onAnimals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2022Review
- Toxoplasma gondii in the faeces of wild felids from the Atlantic Forest, Brazil.Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
- Commented on by
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
18 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundDuring 2017, in response to a physician's report, the Wisconsin Department of Health Services, Division of Public Health, began investigating an outbreak of febrile illness among attendees of a retreat where never frozen, intentionally undercooked, locally harvested venison was served. Preliminary testing tentatively identified the illness as toxoplasmosis.
methodsConfirmatory human serology panels and testing of the venison to confirm and categorize the presence and type of Toxoplasma gondii were completed by French and American national reference laboratories. All 12 retreat attendees were interviewed; medical records were reviewed.
resultsAll attendees were male; median age was 51 years (range: 22-75). After a median incubation period of 7 days, 9 (82%) of 11 exposed persons experienced illness lasting a median of 12 days. All 9 sought outpatient healthcare for symptoms including fever, chills, sweats, and headache (100%) and ocular disturbances (33%). Testing confirmed the illness as toxoplasmosis and venison as the infection source. Multiple laboratory results were atypical for toxoplasmosis, including transaminitis (86%), lymphocytopenia (88%), thrombocytopenia (38%), and leukopenia (63%). One exposed but asymptomatic person was seronegative; the other had immunity from prior infection. The T. gondii strain was identified as closely related to an atypical genotype (haplogroup 12, polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism genotype 5) common in North American wildlife but with previously uncharacterized human clinical manifestations.
conclusionsThe T. gondii strain contaminating the venison might explain the unusual clinical presentations. In North America, clinicians and venison consumers should be aware of risk for severe or unusual presentations of acute toxoplasmosis after consuming undercooked game meat.
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