ArticleJournal of endocrinology and metabolism2019
Association Between Thyroid Dysfunction and Incident Dementia in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Neurocognitive Study.
Article in Journal of endocrinology and metabolism, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 32 papers, 6 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
32 citing papers in PubMed, 6 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 50 citations in OpenAlex.
- Treatment of Hypothyroidism That Contains Liothyronine is Associated With Reduced Risk of Dementia and Mortality.The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 2026Pooled it
- Association of overt hypothyroidism with risks of cognitive impairment: a meta-analysis and systematic review.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2025Pooled it
- The Association of Thyroid Disease with Risk of Dementia and Cognitive Impairment: A Systematic Review.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2024Pooled it
- Subclinical hyperthyroidism and the risk of dementia: A meta-analysis.Brain and behavior · 2024Pooled it
- Association of thyroid disease with risks of dementia and cognitive impairment: A meta-analysis and systematic review.Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 2023Pooled it
- Pooled it
- The cross-sectional association of cognition with diabetic peripheral and autonomic neuropathy-The GRADE study.Journal of diabetes and its complications · 2021 · on this mapTrial
- Thyroid Dysfunction and Cognitive Impairment: Neural Mechanisms and Neurofeedback-Based Interventions.Brain and behavior · 2026Review
- Sex- and Region-Specific Glial Reactivity in Hyperthyroid Mice Lacks Correlation With the Noncognitive and Non-Depressive-Like Behavioral Alterations.Brain and behavior · 2026Article
- Independent and combined associations of diabetes and thyroid disorders with risks of incident dementia.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Article
- Global research trends on thyroid hormones and neurodegenerative diseases: a bibliometric study from 2015 to 2025.Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 2026Article
- Is There a Link Between TSH Levels and Schizophrenia? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Review
- Metformin-based oral antihyperglycemic combination therapy and risk of dementia in patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes: A population-based study.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2025Article
- Genetic evidence suggests a causal relationship linking thyroid function to prospective memory and dementia and Parkinson's disease.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- The impact of autoimmune thyroid disease on cognitive and psychiatric disorders: focus on clinical, pre-clinical and molecular studies.European thyroid journal · 2025Review
- Neuropsychiatric Manifestations of Long COVID-19: A Narrative Review of Clinical Aspects and Therapeutic Approaches.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Thyroid Function and Cognitive Decline: A Narrative Review.Endocrine practice : official journal of the American College of Endocrinology and the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists · 2024Review
- Associations between Thyroid Hormones and Cognitive Impairment in Patients with Parkinson's Disease.eNeuro · 2024Article
- Graves disease is associated with increased risk of clinical Alzheimer's disease: evidence from the Medicare system.Clinical diabetes and endocrinology · 2024Article
- Thyroid dysfunction and Alzheimer's disease, a vicious circle.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 5 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundAbnormal thyroid hormone levels (high or low) and autoimmunity from autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD) may increase dementia risk.
methodsWe examined the associations of thyroid dysfunction or possible AITD in 1990 - 1992 with dementia through 2017 in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Neurocognitive Study. Thyroid dysfunction (subclinical and overt hypo- or hyperthyroidism and euthyroidism) was categorized from serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and free thyroxine (FT4) cut-points and AITD from anti-thyroid peroxidase (anti-TPO) antibody positivity. Dementia was identified primarily based on cognitive test performance, neuropsychological examinations and clinician review of suspected cases. Additional cases of dementia were ascertained through telephone interviews or relevant hospital and death certificate codes. Cox regression with multivariable adjustment was used for analysis.
resultsAfter exclusions for missing data, 12,481 participants were included in the analysis (mean index exam age 57 ± 5.7 (44% male, 25% black)), and 2,235 incident dementia cases were identified. AITD was not significantly associated with dementia. Subclinical hypothyroidism was associated with a lower risk of dementia (hazard ratio (HR) (95% confidence interval (CI)): 0.74 (0.60 - 0.92)), while overt hyperthyroidism was associated with a higher risk of dementia (HR (95% CI): 1.40 (1.02 - 1.92)) compared to euthyroid participants. Participants with serum FT4 concentrations above the 95th percentile were at an increased risk of dementia compared to those in the middle 90% of FT4 (HR (95% CI): 1.23 (1.02 - 1.48)).
conclusionsSubclinical hypothyroidism was associated with reduced risk of dementia, whereas overt hyperthyroidism, particularly very elevated FT4, was associated with increased risk of dementia. The association between subclinical hypothyroidism and reduced risk of dementia cannot be explained, but may have been an artifact due to change. By extrapolation, effective treatment of overt hyperthyroidism may modestly reduce dementia risk in older adults.
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