ReviewFrontiers in neuroscience2020
Multiple-Hit Hypothesis in Parkinson's Disease: LRRK2 and Inflammation.
Review in Frontiers in neuroscience, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 36 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
36 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 65 citations in OpenAlex.
- Toxicant exposure and the developing brain: A systematic review of the structural and functional MRI literature.Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews · 2023Pooled it
- Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2): balancing cellular homeostasis and Parkinson's disease (PD) pathogenesis.Annals of medicine · 2026Review
- Review
- Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus as the infectious agent for a virally induced mouse model of Parkinson's disease.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2026Article
- Synthesis and Preclinical Evaluation of [ACS omega · 2026Article
- Reply to: "Moving Forward in Movement Disorders: The Need for Studies on Environmental Triggers".Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society · 2026Article
- (Dys)regulation of the Immune System in Parkinson's Disease: Methodologies, Techniques, and Key Findings from Human Studies.Aging and disease · 2025Review
- Contribution of CNS and extra-CNS infections to neurodegeneration: a narrative review.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2024Review
- Correlation between the gut microbiome and neurodegenerative diseases: a review of metagenomics evidence.Neural regeneration research · 2024Review
- LRRK2 G2019S Promotes Colon Cancer Potentially via LRRK2-GSDMD Axis-Mediated Gut Inflammation.Cells · 2024Article
- Immunological shifts during early-stage Parkinson's disease identified with DNA methylation data on longitudinally collected blood samples.NPJ Parkinson's disease · 2024Article
- LRRK2; Communicative Role in the Treatment of Parkinson's Disease and Ulcerative Colitis Overlapping.CNS & neurological disorders drug targets · 2024Review
- Comprehensive analysis of clinical and biological features in Parkinson's disease associated with the LRRK2 G2019S mutation: Data from the PPMI study.Clinical and translational science · 2024Article
- Angiotensin type-1 receptor autoantibodies promote alpha-synuclein aggregation in dopaminergic neurons.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- Parkinson's disease and gut microbiota: from clinical to mechanistic and therapeutic studies.Translational neurodegeneration · 2023Review
- Suppression of beta oscillations by delayed feedback in a cortex-basal ganglia-thalamus-pedunculopontine nucleus neural loop model.Journal of biological physics · 2023Article
- The Role of Immune Dysfunction in Parkinson's Disease Development.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Polycomb safeguards imaginal disc specification through control of the Vestigial-Scalloped complex.Development (Cambridge, England) · 2023Article
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Neurodegenerative Diseases.Gut and liver · 2023Review
- Anderson-Fabry Disease: A New Piece of the Lysosomal Puzzle in Parkinson Disease?Biomedicines · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The multiple hit hypothesis for Parkinson's disease (PD) suggests that an interaction between multiple (genetic and/or environmental) risk factors is needed to trigger the pathology. Leucine-Rich Repeat Kinase 2 (LRRK2) is an interesting protein to study in this context and is the focus of this review. More than 15 years of intensive research have identified several cellular pathways in which LRRK2 is involved, yet its exact physiological role or contribution to PD is not completely understood. Pathogenic mutations in LRRK2 are the most common genetic cause of PD but most likely require additional triggers to develop PD, as suggested by the reduced penetrance of the LRRK2 G2019S mutation. LRRK2 expression is high in immune cells such as monocytes, neutrophils, or dendritic cells, compared to neurons or glial cells and evidence for a role of LRRK2 in the immune system is emerging. This has led to the hypothesis that an inflammatory trigger is needed for pathogenic LRRK2 mutations to induce a PD phenotype. In this review, we will discuss the link between LRRK2 and inflammation and how this could play an active role in PD etiology.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.