ArticleScientific reports2020
Immunity to vector saliva is compromised by short sand fly seasons in endemic regions with temperate climates.
Article in Scientific reports, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 16 citations in OpenAlex.
- Leishmaniasis in deployed military populations: A systematic review and meta-analysis.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2025Pooled it
- Humoral and T-Cell-Mediated Immunity AgainstPathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Research progress toward arthropod salivary protein vaccine development for vector-borne infectious diseases.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2024Review
- Demographic characteristics and prevalence of asymptomaticFrontiers in epidemiology · 2024Article
- A Composite Recombinant Salivary Proteins Biomarker for Phlebotomus argentipes Provides a Surveillance Tool Postelimination of Visceral Leishmaniasis in India.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2022Article
- The History of Live AttenuatedPathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- Vaccines against leishmaniasis: using controlled human infection models to accelerate development.Expert review of vaccines · 2021Article
- The human immune response to saliva of Phlebotomus alexandri, the vector of visceral leishmaniasis in Iraq, and its relationship to sand fly exposure and infection.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2021Article
- Towards a Sustainable Vector-Control Strategy in the Post Kala-Azar Elimination Era.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2021Review
- RNA-sequencing of the Nyssomyia neivai sialome: a sand fly-vector from a Brazilian endemic area for tegumentary leishmaniasis and pemphigus foliaceus.Scientific reports · 2020Article
- Article
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Authors and funding
10 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Individuals exposed to sand fly bites develop humoral and cellular immune responses to sand fly salivary proteins. Moreover, cellular immunity to saliva or distinct salivary proteins protects against leishmaniasis in various animal models. In Tbilisi, Georgia, an endemic area for visceral leishmaniasis (VL), sand flies are abundant for a short period of ≤3 months. Here, we demonstrate that humans and dogs residing in Tbilisi have little immunological memory to saliva of P. kandelakii, the principal vector of VL. Only 30% of humans and 50% of dogs displayed a weak antibody response to saliva after the end of the sand fly season. Likewise, their peripheral blood mononuclear cells mounted a negligible cellular immune response after stimulation with saliva. RNA seq analysis of wild-caught P. kandelakii salivary glands established the presence of a typical salivary repertoire that included proteins commonly found in other sand fly species such as the yellow, SP15 and apyrase protein families. This indicates that the absence of immunity to P. kandelakii saliva in humans and dogs from Tbilisi is probably caused by insufficient exposure to sand fly bites. This absence of immunity to vector saliva will influence the dynamics of VL transmission in Tbilisi and other endemic areas with brief sand fly seasons.
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