ArticlePloS one2020
Effect of aging and body characteristics on facial sexual dimorphism in the Caucasian Population.
Article in PloS one, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers.
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Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed, 43 citations in OpenAlex.
- How Sex Shapes Facial Morphology in Adults: A 3D Geometric Morphometric Study.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Stereophotometric facial changes in edentulous older adults after rehabilitation with complete dentures.Gerodontology · 2025Article
- Three-Dimensional Geometric Morphometric Characterization of Facial Sexual Dimorphism in Juveniles.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- The Concept of Ideal Lips of Caucasian Female: An Anthropometric Analysis of the Lower Third of the Face.Aesthetic plastic surgery · 2025Article
- Midface Skeletal Sexual Dimorphism: Lessons Learned from Advanced Three-dimensional Imaging in the White Population.Plastic and reconstructive surgery. Global open · 2024Article
- Insight into age-related changes of the human facial skeleton based on medieval European osteological collection.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Evaluation of optimal anterior-posterior position of upper incisors through ANS point: a retrospective study on a Chinese sample.Clinical oral investigations · 2023Article
- Spatial Frequency Tuning of Body Inversion Effects.Brain sciences · 2023Article
- Using Artificial Intelligence to Quantify Sexual Dimorphism in Aesthetic Faces: Analysis of 100 Facial Points in 42 Caucasian Celebrities.Aesthetic surgery journal. Open forum · 2023Article
- Older adults' facial characteristics compared to young adults' in correlation with edentulism: a cross sectional study.BMC geriatrics · 2022Article
- Experience-dependent reshaping of body gender perception.Psychological research · 2022Article
- An evaluation of three-dimensional facial changes after surgically assisted rapid maxillary expansion (SARME): an observational study.BMC oral health · 2022Observational
- Facial and body sexual dimorphism are not interconnected in the Maasai.Journal of physiological anthropology · 2022Article
- Non-Pregnant and Pregnant Women's Femininity Preferences in Male Faces: Tests Based on Within- and Between-Sex Sexual Dimorphism Facial Manipulations.Archives of sexual behavior · 2021Article
- An Anthropometric Study of the Morphologic Facial Index of Tibetan Youth in Tibet.The Journal of craniofacial surgeryArticle
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
aimThe aim of this study was to quantify gender-specific facial characteristics in younger and older adults and to determine how aging and body characteristics, such as height and body-mass index (BMI), influence facial sexual dimorphism.
methodsThe cohort study included 90 younger adults of Caucasian origin (average age of 45 females 23.2 ± 1.9 and 45 males 23.7 ± 2.4 years) and 90 older adults (average age of 49 females 78.1 ± 8.1 and 41 males 74.5 ± 7.7 years). Three-dimensional facial scans were performed with an Artec MHT 3D scanner. The data were analyzed using the software package Rapidform®. The parameters to evaluate facial symmetry, height, width, profile, facial shape, nose, eyes and mouth characteristics were determined based on 39 facial landmarks. Student's t-test was used to calculate the statistical differences between the genders in the younger and older adults and a multiple-linear-regression analysis was used to evaluate the impact of gender, age, body-mass index and body height.
resultsWe found that the female faces were more symmetrical than the male faces, and this was statistically significant in the older adults. The female facial shape was more rounded and their faces were smaller, after normalizing for body size. The males had wider mouths, longer upper lips, larger noses and more prominent lower foreheads. Surprisingly, we found that all the gender-dependent characteristics were even more pronounced in the older adults. Increased facial asymmetry, decreased facial convexity, increased forehead angle, narrower vermilions and longer inter-eye distances occurred in both genders during aging. An increased BMI was associated with wider faces, more concave facial profiles and wider noses, while greater body height correlated with increased facial heights and wider mouths.
conclusionFacial sexual dimorphism was confirmed by multiple parameters in our study, while the differences between the genders were more pronounced in the older adults.
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