ArticlePharmaceutical research2020
Probing the Molecular-Level Interactions in an Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API) - Polymer Dispersion and the Resulting Impact on Drug Product Formulation.
Article in Pharmaceutical research, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
8 citing papers in PubMed, 14 citations in OpenAlex.
- Identifying Optimal Drug Loading in Stable Amorphous Solid Dispersion Formulations: A Rheological Approach.AAPS PharmSciTech · 2026Article
- Solid Dispersions as a Tool for Innovation in the Food Industry: A Path From Pharma to Food.Journal of food science · 2026Review
- Recent Techniques to Improve Amorphous Dispersion Performance with Quality Design, Physicochemical Monitoring, Molecular Simulation, and Machine Learning.Pharmaceutics · 2025Review
- Computer-driven formulation development of Ginsenoside Rh2 ternary solid dispersion.Drug delivery and translational research · 2025Article
- Factors That Influence Sustained Release from Hot-Melt Extrudates.Pharmaceutics · 2023Article
- Optimizing Solvent Selection and Processing Conditions to Generate High Bulk-Density, Co-Precipitated Amorphous Dispersions of Posaconazole.Pharmaceutics · 2021Article
- Influence of PlasdoneAAPS PharmSciTech · 2021Article
- Molecular Simulation and Statistical Learning Methods toward Predicting Drug-Polymer Amorphous Solid Dispersion Miscibility, Stability, and Formulation Design.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
purposeAn investigation of underlying mechanisms of API-polymer interaction patterns has the potential to provide valuable insights for selecting appropriate formulations with superior physical stability and processability. MATERIALS AND
methodsIn this study, copovidone was used as a polymeric carrier for several model compounds including clotrimazole, nifedipine, and posaconazole. The varied chemical structures conferred the ability for the model compounds to form distinct interactions with copovidone. Rheology and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) were combined to investigate the molecular pattern and relative strength of active pharmaceutical ingredient (API)-polymer interactions. In addition, the impact of the interactions on formulation processability via hot melt extrusion (HME) and physical stability were evaluated.
resultsThe rheological response of an API-polymer system was found to be highly sensitive to API-polymer interaction, depending both on API chemistry and API-polymer miscibility. In the systems studied, dispersed API induced a stronger plasticizer effect on the polymer matrix compared to crystalline/aggregated API. Correspondingly, the processing torque via HME showed a proportional relationship with the maximum complex viscosity of the API-polymer system. In order to quantitatively evaluate the relative strength of the API-polymer interaction, homogeneously dispersed API-polymer amorphous samples were prepared by HME at an elevated temperature. DSC, XRD, and rheology were employed to confirm the amorphous integrity and homogeneity of the resultant extrudates. Subsequently, the homogeneously dispersed API-polymer amorphous dispersions were interrogated by rheology and NMR to provide a qualitative and quantitative assessment of the nature of the API-polymer interaction, both macroscopically and microscopically. Rheological master curves of frequency sweeps of the extrudates exhibited a strong dependence on the API chemistry and revealed a rank ordering of the relative strength of API-copovidone interactions, in the order of posaconazole > nifedipine > clotrimazole. NMR data provided the means to precisely map the API-polymer interaction pattern and identify the specific sites of interaction from a molecular perspective. Finally, the impact of API-polymer interactions on the physical stability of the resultant extrudates was studied.
conclusionQualitative and quantitative evaluation of the relative strength of the API-polymer interaction was successfully accomplished by utilizing combined rheology and NMR. Graphical Abstract.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.