ArticleInternational urogynecology journal2020
Postpartum perineal pain and dyspareunia related to each superficial perineal muscle injury: a cohort study.
Article in International urogynecology journal, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed, 29 citations in OpenAlex.
- Effect of Perineal Massage and Warm Compresses Technique in Postpartum Perineal Pain. A Secondary Analysis from a Randomised Controlled Trial.Reproductive sciences (Thousand Oaks, Calif.) · 2026Trial
- Pelvic floor symptoms and quality of life 1 year postpartum in Swedish primiparous women-A follow-up of a randomized controlled trial.Acta obstetricia et gynecologica Scandinavica · 2026Trial
- Single epidural bolus hydromorphone for acute postpartum pain after vaginal delivery: a randomized clinical trial.Scientific reports · 2025Trial
- Postpartum perineal pain and its association with sub-classified second-degree tears and perineal trauma-A follow-up of a randomized controlled trial.Acta obstetricia et gynecologica Scandinavica · 2024Trial
- Epidural injection of hydromorphone for postoperative pain after episiotomy: a randomized controlled trial.Scientific reports · 2024Trial
- Severity of perineal tears and deviations in perineal body anatomy: A three-dimensional ultrasound study.Acta obstetricia et gynecologica Scandinavica · 2026Article
- Clinical guidance paper VVOG-CRGOLFB prevention and management of obstetrical perineal trauma.European journal of obstetrics & gynecology and reproductive biology: X · 2025Article
- The severity of second-degree perineal tears and dyspareunia during one year postpartum: A prospective cohort study.Acta obstetricia et gynecologica Scandinavica · 2025Observational
- What delivery-related factors affect postpartum recovery? A systematic review.AJOG global reports · 2025Review
- Evaluating the Effectiveness of Radiofrequency in Multimodal Physiotherapy for Postpartum Pelvic Pain: The RASDOP Protocol-A Mixed-Methods Study.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- Pain Management for Postpartum Pain: A Narrative Review.Journal of pain research · 2025Review
- Pelvic floor symptoms according to the severity of second-degree perineal tears within 12 months post-partum: A longitudinal prospective cohort study.Acta obstetricia et gynecologica Scandinavica · 2024Article
- Bibliometric Analysis of Research Relating to Perineal Pain Reported over the Period 1981 to 2021.Journal of personalized medicine · 2023Article
- Detailed classification of second-degree perineal tears in the delivery ward: an inter-rater agreement study.Acta obstetricia et gynecologica Scandinavica · 2022Article
- Prevalence of Perineal Tear Peripartum after Two Antepartum Perineal Massage Techniques: A Non-Randomised Controlled Trial.Journal of clinical medicine · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveTo assess the association between superficial perineal muscle trauma and perineal pain and dyspareunia. MATERIALS AND
methodsProspective cohort study of 405 women with a spontaneous vaginal birth comparing an intact perineum and first-degree perineal trauma group (n = 205) with a second-degree perineal trauma and episiotomy group (n = 200). Perineal pain was measured at 2 days, 10 days, 7 weeks, 3 months and 6 months postpartum. Dyspareunia was assessed at 7 weeks, 3 months and 6 months postpartum.
resultsAll second-degree perineal traumas and episiotomies involved damage to the bulbospongiosus muscle (BSM), but not always to the superficial transverse perineal muscle (STPM). In case of second-degree trauma or episiotomy, the odds of pain at 10 days and dyspareunia at 6 months postpartum were four- and five-fold greater, respectively, than if the perineum had remained intact or suffered a first-degree perineal trauma [OR 4.4 (95% CI: 2.8-6.9) and OR 5.5 (95% CI: 2.8-10.9), respectively]. When comparing injuries where > 50% BSM ± STPM against those with < 50% BSM torn, pain was significantly higher at 10 days postpartum [OR 1.9 (95% CI: 1.1-3.6], with no difference at 7 weeks, while dyspareunia was significantly higher at 6 months postpartum [OR 3.3 (95% CI: 1.4-7.8)]. There was no difference in perineal pain or dyspareunia when comparing first-degree with < 50% BSM traumas.
conclusionWhen perineal muscle trauma encompasses > 50% BSM ± STPM, perineal pain and dyspareunia persisted until 10 days and 6 months postpartum, respectively.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.