ArticleJournal of the American Geriatrics Society2020
Frailty Phenotype and Healthcare Costs and Utilization in Older Men.
Article in Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 33 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
33 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Cost of illness analysis of frailty for older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis.European geriatric medicine · 2025Pooled it
- Association between oral health status and frailty in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in public health · 2025Pooled it
- Frailty Transforms Care Continuity-Mortality Relationships Across Age Groups: Evidence From Taiwan and South Korea.Journal of cachexia, sarcopenia and muscle · 2026Article
- Medicare costs and home time loss among fee-for-service beneficiaries by frailty and dementia status.The Journal of frailty & aging · 2026Article
- The association of frailty with health care costs using the FRAIL scale.Aging clinical and experimental research · 2026Article
- Article
- Effects of Functional Impairments and Frailty on the Association of Cognitive Impairment with Total Healthcare Costs: A Prospective Multi-cohort Study.Journal of general internal medicine · 2025Article
- Frailty level, cancer history and healthcare utilization among older adults: Results from the US National Health Interview Survey.Asia-Pacific journal of oncology nursing · 2025Article
- Frailty as a predictor of mortality in lung cancer survivors: evidence from a nationally representative cohort NHIS 1997-2018.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Enteroendocrine cell differentiation: Implications for human disease.Molecular and cellular endocrinology · 2025Review
- Association of health promotion behaviors with frailty in Chinese middle-aged and older adults: a cross-sectional study.BMC geriatrics · 2025Article
- Associations between dimensions of physical activity (intensity, frequency, duration, and volume) and frailty among middle-aged and older Chinese adults.Journal of exercise science and fitness · 2025Article
- A Novel Integrated Geriatric Services Hub for Frailty Identification and Comprehensive Management of Community-Dwelling Older Adults in Singapore: Impact on Health Service Utilization.Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · 2025Article
- Incremental healthcare costs of the simple SOF measure of phenotypic frailty in community-dwelling older adults.Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · 2025Article
- Association of Frailty Index at 66 Years of Age with Health Care Costs and Utilization Over 10 Years in Korea: Retrospective Cohort Study.JMIR public health and surveillance · 2025Article
- The association of multidimensional frailty with metabolic syndrome and low-grade inflammation in community-dwelling older adults in the Netherlands: a Lifelines cohort study.Immunity & ageing : I & A · 2024Article
- Neighborhood Socioeconomic Deprivation and Health Care Costs in Older Community-Dwelling Adults: Importance of Functional Impairment and Frailty.Journal of general internal medicine · 2024Article
- Functional Impairments, Phenotypic Frailty, and Sector-Specific Incremental Healthcare Costs in Older Adults.The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences · 2024Article
- The relationship between dysphagia and frailty among Chinese hospitalized older patients: a serial mediation model through self-perceived oral health and self-reported nutritional status.BMC geriatrics · 2024Article
- Preventing autonomy loss with multicomponent geriatric interventions: A resource-saving strategy? Evidence from the SPRINT-T study.SSM - population health · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
Abstract
objectivesTo determine the association of the frailty phenotype with subsequent healthcare costs and utilization.
designProspective cohort study (Osteoporotic Fracture in Men [MrOS]).
settingSix US sites.
participantsA total of 1,514 community-dwelling men (mean age = 79.3 years) participating in the MrOS Year 7 (Y7) examination linked with their Medicare claims data. MEASUREMENTS: At Y7, the frailty phenotype was operationalized using five components and categorized as robust, pre-frail, or frail. Multimorbidity and a frailty indicator (approximating the deficit accumulation index) were derived from claims data. Functional limitations were assessed by asking about difficulty performing instrumental activities of daily living. Total direct healthcare costs and utilization were ascertained during 36 months following Y7.
resultsMean of total annualized costs (2018 dollars) was $5,707 (standard deviation [SD] = 8,800) among robust, $8,964 (SD = 18,156) among pre-frail, and $20,027 (SD = 27,419) among frail men. Compared with robust men, frail men (cost ratio [CR] = 2.35; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.88-2.93) and pre-frail men (CR = 1.28; 95% CI = 1.11-1.48) incurred greater total costs after adjustment for demographics, multimorbidity, and cognitive function. Associations of phenotypic pre-frailty and frailty with higher total costs were somewhat attenuated but persisted after further consideration of functional limitations and a claims-based frailty indicator. Each individual frailty component was also associated with higher total costs. Frail vs robust men had higher odds of hospitalization (odds ratio [OR] = 2.62; 95% CI = 1.75-3.91) and skilled nursing facility (SNF) stay (OR = 3.36; 95% CI = 1.83-6.20). A smaller but significant effect of the pre-frail category on SNF stay was present.
conclusionPhenotypic pre-frailty and frailty were associated with higher subsequent total healthcare costs in older community-dwelling men after accounting for a claims-based frailty indicator, functional limitations, multimorbidity, cognitive impairment, and demographics. Assessment of the frailty phenotype or individual components such as slowness may improve identification of older community-dwelling adults at risk for costly extensive care.
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