ArticleThe open cardiovascular medicine journal2020
Diminished Returns of Educational Attainment on Heart Disease among Black Americans.
Article in The open cardiovascular medicine journal, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 44 papers.
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Who cites it
44 citing papers in PubMed, 48 citations in OpenAlex.
- Association Between Education Attainment and Hypertension Among Community-Dwelling Older Black and White Adults: The National Health & Trends Study.Journal of applied gerontology : the official journal of the Southern Gerontological Society · 2026Article
- Article
- Coronary heart disease and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease prevalence and temporal trends among United States adults: a national population-based study.Frontiers in epidemiology · 2026Article
- Differential associations between education and blood pressure by gender and race.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Family wealth and adolescent physical health.Health psychology review · 2025Review
- Childhood Family Income and Adult Cardiovascular Health: Indirect Effects Through Childhood Neighborhood Socioeconomic Advantages and Disadvantages in a Prospective Sample of Young Men.Journal of the American Heart Association · 2025Article
- Association between socioeconomic status and the triglyceride glucose index: a cross-sectional study based on NHANES 2007-2016.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Intergenerational mobility, race, and allostatic load: Diminished health returns for Black older adults?SSM - population health · 2025Article
- Puberty Onset and Positive Urgency Explain Diminished Returns of Family Income on Tobacco and Marijuana Use.Open journal of psychology · 2025Article
- Educational Attainment Better Protects Non-Latino than Latino People Against Diabetes Mellitus.Global journal of cardiovascular diseases · 2025Article
- Population Diversity Matters: Heterogeneity of Biopsychosocial Pathways from Socioeconomic Status to Tobacco Use via Cerebral Cortical Volume in the ABCD Study.Journal of cellular neuroscience · 2025Article
- Pathways From Socioeconomic Factors to Major Cardiovascular Events Among Postmenopausal Veteran and Nonveteran Women: Findings From the Women's Health Initiative.Journal of the American Heart Association · 2024Article
- Article
- Cardiovascular Risk Associated With Social Determinants of Health at Individual and Area Levels.JAMA network open · 2024Article
- Education Does Not Equally Increase Financial Well-being for All.Journal of social mathematical & human engineering sciences · 2024Article
- Educated but Unhealthy? Examining Minorities' Diminished Returns.Global journal of epidemiology and infectious disease · 2024Article
- Educated but on Social Security Disability Insurance: Minorities' Diminished Returns.Journal of biomedical and life sciences · 2024Article
- Diminished Returns of Educational Attainment on Body Mass Index Among Latino Populations: Insights from UAS Data.Global journal of epidemiology and infectious disease · 2024Article
- Race/ethnicity and socioeconomic position in emergency department utilization in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma.Future oncology (London, England) · 2024Article
- Race by Sex Intersectional Differences in the Association between Allostatic Load and Depression in US Adults: 2005-2018.Global journal of epidemiology and infectious disease · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundSocioeconomic Status (SES) indicators, such as educational attainment, are social determinants of heart disease. Marginalization related Diminished Returns (MDRs) refer to smaller health benefits of high SES for racial and ethnic minorities compared to the majority group. It is still unknown, however, if MDRs also apply to the effects of education on heart disease. PURPOSE: Using a nationally representative sample, we explored racial/ethnic variation in the link between educational attainment and heart disease among American adults.
methodsWe analyzed data (n=25,659) from a nationally representative survey of American adults in 2013. The first wave of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health - Adult (PATH-Adult) study was used. The independent variable was education (college graduate, high school graduate, less than a high school diploma). The dependent variable was any heart disease. Age and gender were the covariates. Race, as well as ethnicity, were the moderators. Logistic regressions were used to analyze the data.
resultsIndividuals with higher educational attainment had lower odds of heart disease. Race and ethnicity showed statistically significant interactions with education, suggesting that the protective effect of higher education on reducing odds of heart disease was smaller for Hispanic and Black people than for non-Hispanic and White individuals.
conclusionEducation reduces the risk of heart disease better among non-Hispanic Whites than for Hispanics and Blacks. Therefore, we may expect a disproportionately higher than expected risk of heart disease in Hispanics and Blacks with high educational attainment. Future research should test if the presence of high levels of environmental and behavioral risk factors contribute to the high risk of heart disease in highly educated Black and Hispanic Americans. Policymakers should not reduce health inequalities to just gaps in SES because disparities are present across SES levels, with high SES Blacks and Hispanics remaining at risk of health problems.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.