ReviewImmunity & ageing : I & A2020
The immune response to influenza in older humans: beyond immune senescence.
Review in Immunity & ageing : I & A, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 98 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
98 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 162 citations in OpenAlex.
- Influenza vaccine effectiveness according to frailty status in adults aged ≥ 50 years: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Pooled it
- A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Immunogenicity and Safety of the Influenza Vaccine in COPD Patients, and Its Relevance with Real-World Effectiveness.International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease · 2026Pooled it
- Humoral immune response to mRNA-based influenza vaccines in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Annals of Saudi medicinePooled it
- A study of booster dose influenza vaccination responses compared to standard dose in lupus patients: an open-labeled, randomized controlled study.Clinical and experimental medicine · 2025Trial
- Safety and immunogenicity of a phase 1/2 randomized clinical trial of a quadrivalent, mRNA-based seasonal influenza vaccine (mRNA-1010) in healthy adults: interim analysis.Nature communications · 2023Trial
- Cost-effectiveness analysis of influenza vaccination with high-dose vaccine versus standard-dose quadrivalent vaccine in older adults in Spain.The European journal of health economics : HEPAC : health economics in prevention and care · 2026Article
- Cross-reactive antibody and T-cell responses after influenza virus infection in community-dwelling older adults.Journal of virology · 2026Article
- Immune Biomarker Signatures as Predictors of Functional and Pain Recovery After Total Knee Arthroplasty in Older Adults.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- Targeting immunosenescence in lung diseases: mechanistic insights and clinical interventions.BMC medicine · 2026Review
- Aging restricts maturation of CXCL13bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- IL-2 silencing enables Tfh cell expansion during vaccination but is redundant for antibody production.Immunology and cell biology · 2026Article
- Senescent Factors Suppress Innate Antiviral Immunity in Aged Mice via Two Distinct Mechanisms.Aging cell · 2026Article
- Pharmaceutical Strategies for West Nile Virus in Europe, an Underrecognized Cause of Severe Disease and Mortality in Older Adults: From Supportive Care to Antiviral Development.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Aging at the Crossroads of Cuproptosis and Ferroptosis: From Molecular Pathways to Age-Related Pathologies and Therapeutic Perspectives.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- State-of-the-art of the high dose influenza vaccine in Spain.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- mRNA-based seasonal influenza vaccines: an overview of immunogenicity, efficacy, and safety.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- A 14-year influenza reinfection surveillance in Chongqing, China: A retrospective analysis.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2025Article
- Vaccine Effectiveness Against Influenza A(H1N1), A(H3N2), and B-Associated Hospitalizations, United States, 1 September 2023 to 31 May 2024.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Vaccination in dermatology 2025: Update considering current recommendations of the German Standing Committee on Vaccination.Journal der Deutschen Dermatologischen Gesellschaft = Journal of the German Society of Dermatology : JDDG · 2025Review
- Influenza and Aging: Clinical Manifestations, Complications, and Treatment Approaches in Older Adults.Drugs & aging · 2025Review
38 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 4 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Despite widespread influenza vaccination programs, influenza remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality in older adults. Age-related changes in multiple aspects of the adaptive immune response to influenza have been well-documented including a decline in antibody responses to influenza vaccination and changes in the cell-mediated response associated with immune senescence. This review will focus on T cell responses to influenza and influenza vaccination in older adults, and how increasing frailty or coexistence of multiple (≥2) chronic conditions contributes to the loss of vaccine effectiveness for the prevention of hospitalization. Further, dysregulation of the production of pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators contributes to a decline in the generation of an effective CD8 T cell response needed to clear influenza virus from the lungs. Current influenza vaccines provide only a weak stimulus to this arm of the adaptive immune response and rely on re-stimulation of CD8 T cell memory related to prior exposure to influenza virus. Efforts to improve vaccine effectiveness in older adults will be fruitless until CD8 responses take center stage.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.