SynthesisBMC cancer2020
Cancer incidence attributable to tuberculosis in 2015: global, regional, and national estimates.
Synthesis in BMC cancer, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 32 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
32 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 49 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pooled it
- Pulmonary Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue Lymphoma and Tuberculosis: A Rare Association With Diagnostic and Therapeutic Challenges.Journal of medical cases · 2026Article
- Case Report: Management challenges of active tuberculosis complicated by thrombocytosis and squamous cell lung carcinoma.Frontiers in oncology · 2026Article
- Temporal Disease Sequence and Prognostic Outcomes in Patients with Coexisting Lung Cancer and Tuberculosis: A 123-Patient Retrospective Cohort Study.Infection and drug resistance · 2026Article
- Review
- Molecular links between tuberculosis and lung cancer: pathogenesis and therapeutic challenges.Archives of microbiology · 2025Review
- RBMX2 linkseLife · 2025Article
- Post-tuberculosis morbidities and their associated mortality: moving from challenges to solutions.European respiratory review : an official journal of the European Respiratory Society · 2025Review
- DNA methylation patterns associated with prior tuberculosis infection in people with HIV.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Risk factors for pancreatic cancer in electronic health records: an umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses.EClinicalMedicine · 2025Article
- Research progress on lung cancer complicated with pulmonary tuberculosis: a narrative review.Translational lung cancer research · 2025Review
- Concomitant Splenic Tuberculosis and Epstein-Barr Virus-Related T-Cell Leukemia/Lymphoma in a 28-Year-Old Pregnant Woman in South Sudan.The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene · 2025Article
- Coexistent Pulmonary Tuberculosis and Lung Cancer: An Analysis of Incidence Trends, Financial Burdens and Influencing Factors.Cancer innovation · 2025Article
- Coexisting Lung Cancer and Pulmonary Tuberculosis: A Comprehensive Review From Incidence to Management.Cancer reports (Hoboken, N.J.) · 2025Review
- Clinical and imaging features of co-existent pulmonary tuberculosis and lung cancer: a population-based matching study in China.BMC cancer · 2025Article
- Establishment and validation of a convenient and efficient screening tool for active pulmonary tuberculosis in lung cancer patients based on common parameters.Therapeutic advances in medical oncology · 2025Article
- Early-onset lung cancer in Asia: a narrative review.Frontiers in oncology · 2025Review
- Concurrent ascending colon adenocarcinoma and colonic tuberculosis: a case report from Syria.Annals of medicine and surgery (2012) · 2024Article
- Pancreatic Adenosquamous Carcinoma Discovered Upon a Resection for Neck Tuberculous Lymphadenitis: A Case Report.Cureus · 2024Article
- Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundTuberculosis is associated with increased risk of cancer. However, the impact of tuberculosis on global cancer burden is unknown.
methodsWe performed random-effects meta-analyses and meta-regressions of studies reporting the association between tuberculosis and cancer risks by searching PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, Cochrane library, and CINAHL from inception to 1 June 2019. Population attributable fractions (PAFs) of cancer incidence attributable to tuberculosis were calculated using relative risks from our meta-analyses and tuberculosis prevalence data from Global Health Data Exchange by age, sex, and country. The study has been registered with PROSPERO (CRD42016050691).
resultsFourty nine studies with 52,480 cancer cases met pre-specified inclusion criteria. Tuberculosis was associated with head and neck cancer (RR 2.64[95% CI 2.00-3.48]), hepatobiliary cancer (2.43[1.82-3.25]), Hodgkin's lymphoma (2.19[1.62-2.97]), lung cancer (1.69[1.46-1.95]), gastrointestinal cancer (1.62[1.26-2.08]), non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (1.61[1.34-1.94]), pancreatic cancer (1.58[1.28-1.96]), leukaemia (1.55[1.25-1.93]), kidney and bladder cancer (1.54[1.21-1.97]), and ovarian cancer (1.43[1.04-1.97]). We estimated that 2.33%(1.14-3.81) or 381,035(187145-623,404) of global cancer incidences in 2015 were attributable to tuberculosis. The PAFs varied by Socio-demographic Index (SDI)-ranging from 1.28% (0.57-2.31%) in the high-SDI countries to 3.51% (1.84-5.42%) in the middle-SDI countries. Individually, China and India accounted for 47% of all tuberculosis-related cancer cases.
conclusionsTuberculosis is associated with increased risk of cancer at ten sites. The burden of tuberculosis attributable cancer skewed towards lower resource countries. Research priorities are to better understand regional disparities and underlying mechanism linking tuberculosis and cancer development.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.