ArticleInvestigative ophthalmology & visual science2020
Dopamine 2 Receptor Signaling Controls the Daily Burst in Phagocytic Activity in the Mouse Retinal Pigment Epithelium.
Article in Investigative ophthalmology & visual science, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 39 citations in OpenAlex.
- Retinal Pigment Epithelium Phagocytosis and Retinal Degenerative Diseases.Aging and disease · 2025Pooled it
- Phagocytosed Photoreceptor Outer Segment Particles Within the Retinal Pigment Epithelium Show Diurnal Rhythmicity and Variation Between Cone Subtypes in Larval Zebrafish.FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology · 2025Article
- Quantitative modeling of rod outer segment phagocytosis and recycling.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Gas6 and Protein S Ligands Cooperate to Regulate MerTK Rhythmic Activity Required for Circadian Retinal Phagocytosis.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Clearance phagocytosis by the retinal pigment epithelial during photoreceptor outer segment renewal: Molecular mechanisms and relation to retinal inflammation.Immunological reviews · 2023Review
- The Role of Retinal Dysfunction in Myopia Development.Cellular and molecular neurobiology · 2023Review
- Dopamine modulates the retinal clock through melanopsin-dependent regulation of cholinergic waves during development.BMC biology · 2023Article
- Circadian clock organization in the retina: From clock components to rod and cone pathways and visual function.Progress in retinal and eye research · 2023Review
- Regulation of the rhythmic diversity of daily photoreceptor outer segment phagocytosis in vivo.FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology · 2022Review
- Differences in Diurnal Rhythm of Rod Outer Segment Renewal between 129T2/SvEmsJ and C57BL/6J Mice.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Article
- The Circadian Clock in the Retinal Pigment Epithelium Controls the Diurnal Rhythm of Phagocytic Activity.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Article
- Probing Photoreceptor Outer Segment Phagocytosis by the RPE In Vivo: Models and Methodologies.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Review
- Circadian Regulation of Retinal Pigment Epithelium Function.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Review
- Photoreceptor Degeneration in Homozygous Male Per2Journal of biological rhythms · 2021Article
- A Re-Appraisal of Pathogenic Mechanisms Bridging Wet and Dry Age-Related Macular Degeneration Leads to Reconsider a Role for Phytochemicals.International journal of molecular sciences · 2020Review
- Circadian analysis of the mouse retinal pigment epithelium transcriptome.Experimental eye research · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Purpose: A burst in phagocytosis of spent photoreceptor outer fragments by RPE is a rhythmic process occurring 1 to 2 hours after the onset of light. This phenomenon is considered crucial for the health of the photoreceptors and RPE. We have recently reported that dopamine, via dopamine 2 receptor (D2R), shifts the circadian rhythm in the RPE. Methods: Here, we first investigated the impact of the removal of D2R on the daily peak of phagocytosis by RPE and then we analyzed the function and morphology of retina and RPE in the absence of D2R. Results: D2R knockout (KO) mice do not show a daily burst of phagocytic activity after the onset of light. RNA sequencing revealed a total of 394 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between ZT 23 and ZT 1 in the control mice, whereas in D2R KO mice, we detected 1054 DEGs. Pathway analysis of the gene expression data implicated integrin signaling to be one of the upregulated pathways in control but not in D2R KO mice. Consistent with the gene expression data, phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) did not increase significantly in KO mice at ZT 1. No difference in retinal thickness, visual function, or morphology of RPE cells was observed between wild-type (WT) and D2R KO mice at the age of 3 and 12 months. Conclusions: Our data suggest that removal of D2R prevents the burst of phagocytosis and a related increase in the phosphorylation of FAK after light onset. The pathway analysis points toward a putative role of D2R in controlling integrin signaling, which is known to play an important role in the control of the daily burst of phagocytosis by the RPE. Our data also indicate that the absence of the burst of phagocytic activity in the early morning does not produce any apparent deleterious effect on the retina or RPE up to 1 year of age.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.