ArticleNucleic acids research2020
Protamine loops DNA in multiple steps.
Article in Nucleic acids research, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers.
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Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed, 30 citations in OpenAlex.
- Analysis of DNA-Protein Complexes by Atomic Force Microscopy Imaging: The Case of TRF2-Telomeric DNA Wrapping.Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) · 2027Article
- Multivalent cations stabilize DNA duplexes beyond charge neutralization.Chemical science · 2026Article
- Von Willebrand factor A2 domain inhibits A1-DNA binding while preserving A1-platelet interaction under flow: evidence from recombinant domain constructs.Research and practice in thrombosis and haemostasis · 2026Article
- Protamine Drives Liquid and Solid Condensation of DNA and Glycosaminoglycans.Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids · 2025Article
- Spatiotemporal dynamics of protamine-DNA condensation revealed by high-speed atomic force microscopy.Nucleic acids research · 2025Article
- Protamine-Mediated Tangles Produce Extreme Deoxyribonucleic Acid Compaction.Journal of the American Chemical Society · 2024Article
- Review
- Immune Specific and Tumor-Dependent mRNA Vaccines for Cancer Immunotherapy: Reprogramming Clinical Translation into Tumor Editing Therapy.Pharmaceutics · 2024Review
- Multiple modes of DNA compaction by protamine.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2023Article
- Protamine folds DNA into flowers and loop stacks.Biophysical journal · 2023Article
- Broad phosphorylation mediated by testis-specific serine/threonine kinases contributes to spermiogenesis and male fertility.Nature communications · 2023Article
- Electrostatic anti-CD33-antibody-protamine nanocarriers as platform for a targeted treatment of acute myeloid leukemia.Journal of hematology & oncology · 2022Article
- Modified Stability of microRNA-Loaded Nanoparticles.Pharmaceutics · 2022Article
- Tuning Formation of Protein-DNA Coacervates by Sequence and Environment.The journal of physical chemistry. B · 2022Article
- The Art of Packaging the Sperm Genome: Molecular and Structural Basis of the Histone-To-Protamine Exchange.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2022Review
- DNA looping by protamine follows a nonuniform spatial distribution.Biophysical journal · 2021Article
- Use of Protamine in Nanopharmaceuticals-A Review.Nanomaterials (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
11 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Protamine proteins dramatically condense DNA in sperm to almost crystalline packing levels. Here, we measure the first step in the in vitro pathway, the folding of DNA into a single loop. Current models for DNA loop formation are one-step, all-or-nothing models with a looped state and an unlooped state. However, when we use a Tethered Particle Motion (TPM) assay to measure the dynamic, real-time looping of DNA by protamine, we observe the presence of multiple folded states that are long-lived (∼100 s) and reversible. In addition, we measure folding on DNA molecules that are too short to form loops. This suggests that protamine is using a multi-step process to loop the DNA rather than a one-step process. To visualize the DNA structures, we used an Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) assay. We see that some folded DNA molecules are loops with a ∼10-nm radius and some of the folded molecules are partial loops-c-shapes or s-shapes-that have a radius of curvature of ∼10 nm. Further analysis of these structures suggest that protamine is bending the DNA to achieve this curvature rather than increasing the flexibility of the DNA. We therefore conclude that protamine loops DNA in multiple steps, bending it into a loop.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.